Motivational Support and Meal Preparation Training to Reduce Vascular Risk After Gestational Diabetes

change in BMI

We will subtract the baseline BMI from the post intervention BMI of the participant. For computation of the BMI values, weight is divided by the square of the height. The latter is assessed with the aid of a stadiometer.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in waist circumference

Waist circumference will be measured midway between the iliac crest and the lower rib margin. We will subtract the baseline value from the post intervention value to compute the change in waist circumference.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in waist to hip ratio

Hip circumference will be measured at the point of greatest posterior extension of the buttocks. Waist to hip ratio will be computed (waist in cm divided by height in cm). The baseline waist to hip ratio will be subtracted from the post intervention waist to hip ratio for computation of the change in waist to hip ratio.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in total body fat

We will perform Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of total body composition (soft lean tissue, bone mineral and fat mass)to estimate the percentage of total body fat content of subjects. We will subtract baseline total body fat from post intervention total body fat to compute change in total body fat.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

adbominal adiposity

Using DXA measures, we will estimate abdominal adiposity and subtract baseline from post intervention values.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in fasting glucose levels

Following an overnight fast, venous blood will be sampled for assessment of fasting glucose. Baseline values will be subtracted from final values for computation of change in fasting glucose levels.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in 1-hour glucose level following 75-gram glucose load

Following acquistion of fasting venous blood samples, participants will ingest a 75 gram glucose solution. Venous blood will again be sampled for glucose level measurement. We will subtract the baseline 1-hour glucose value from the post intervention 1-hour glucose value to compute change in 1-hour glucose level following 75- gram glucose load. The 60-minute glucose value following the 75-gram glucose load has been demonstrated to be a good predictor of future development of diabetes among those with a normal fasting glucose level.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

Proportion with elevated 1-hour glucose level following 75-gram glucose load

Following acquistion of fasting venous blood samples, participants will ingest a 75 gram glucose solution. Venous blood will again be sampled for glucose level measurement. The 60-minute glucose value following the 75-gram glucose load has been demonstrated to be a good predictor of future development of diabetes among those with a normal fasting glucose level (i.e., higher risk with glucose values above 8.6 mmol/L). We will calculate the proportion of participants will a 1- hour glucose level above 8.6 mmol/L at baseline and post intervention and will compare these proportions.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in 2-hour glucose level following 75-gram glucose load

Following acquistion of fasting venous blood samples, participants will ingest a 75 gram glucose solution. Venous blood will again be sampled for glucose level measurement at 1 hour and at 2 hours after ingestion. We will subtract the baseline 2-hour glucose value from the post intervention 2-hour glucose value to compute change in 2-hour glucose level following 75- gram glucose load.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in fasting insulin levels

Following an overnight fast, venous blood will be sampled for assessment of fasting insulin. Baseline values will be subtracted from final values for computation of change in fasting insulin levels.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in 1-hour insulin level following 75-gram glucose load

Following acquistion of fasting venous blood samples, participants will ingest a 75 gram glucose solution. Venous blood will again be sampled for insulin level measurement. We will subtract the baseline 1-hour insulin value from the post intervention 1-hour insulin value to compute change in 1-hour insulin level following 75- gram glucose load.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in 2-hour insulin level following 75-gram glucose load

Following acquistion of fasting venous blood samples, participants will ingest a 75 gram glucose solution. Venous blood will again be sampled for insulin level measurement at 1 hour and at 2 hours after ingestion. We will subtract the baseline 2-hour insulin value from the post intervention 2-hour insulin value to compute change in 2-hour insulin level following 75- gram glucose load.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in Homeostatic Model Assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)

We will use fasting glucose and insulin values to compute a measure of insulin resistance, the Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) \[Fasting insulin (microunits/mL) X fasting glucose (mmol/L) divided by 22.5\]. We will subtract the baseline value from the post intervention value to compute the change in HOMA-IR.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in insulin sensitivity index 0, 120 (ISI)

Using the ratio of the serum insulin levels at the 0 minute and 120-minute time points, the insulin sensitivity index (ISI 0, 120), another marker of insulin resistance, will be calculated as proposed in Gutt M, Davis CL, Spitzer SB, Llabre MM, Kumar M, Czarnecki EM et al. Validation of the insulin sensitivity index (ISI(0,120)): comparison with other measures. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000; 47(3):177-184. We will subtract the ISI 0,120 value at baseline from the post intervention value to compute the change in ISI 0,120.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in systolic blood pressure

Systolic blood pressure will assessed with the participant seated in a quiet room with the arm supported. Measurements will be taken with an automated device at 1-minute intervals for 6 sequential measurements. The latter 5 measurements will be averaged. The baseline (average) systolic blood pressure will be subtracted from the post intervention (average) systolic blood pressure for computation of the change in systolic blood pressure.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in diastolic blood pressure

Diastolic blood pressure will assessed with the participant seated in a quiet room with the arm supported. Measurements will be taken with an automated device at 1-minute intervals for 6 sequential measurements. The latter 5 measurements will be averaged. The baseline (average) diastolic blood pressure will be subtracted from the post intervention (average) diastolic blood pressure for computation of the change in systolic blood pressure.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in daily step count

Step counts will be computed at baseline and post intervention assessments using a Yamax SW-200 pedometer, based on one week of recording. The mean daily step count will be computed. The change in average daily step count will be calculated by subtracting the baseline value from the final value.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in physical activity level

Participants will wear an accelerometer (AGGT3X-Plus 512MB GT3X-Plus Triaxial Activity Monitor) at the hip (elastic belt provided) for a 7-day period at baseline and post intervention. From accelerometry data, we will calculate mean sedentary time per day as well as time at light, moderate, and vigorous activity levels. We will compute changes in mean daily time at various activity levels by subtracting baseline from post intervention values.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in total cholesterol

Total cholesterol will be measured using spectrophotometer at baseline and post intervention. The baseline value will be subtract from the post intervention value.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol

High density lipoprotein cholesterol will be measured using spectrophotometer at baseline and post intervention. The baseline value will be subtract from the post intervention value.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

Change in triglyceride levels

Triglyceride levels will be measured using spectrophotometer at baseline and post intervention. The baseline value will be subtract from the post intervention value.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in low density lipoprotein cholesterol

The low density lipoprotein cholesterol will be calculated using the Friedewald equation at baseline and post intervention, based on total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol values measured using spectrophotometer. The baseline values will be subtracted from post intervention values.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio

Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol will be measured using spectrophotometer at baseline and post intervetion; the total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio will be computed at both of these time points. The change in this ratio will be computed by subtracting the baseline ratio from the post intervention ratio.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

change in weight of participant's spouse

We will subtract the post intervention weight from the baseline weight to compute the change in weight (participant report). We will divide this value by the baseline weight to compute the percentage change in weight from baseline.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

Change in eating habits

We will use the nutritional measures interview from the baseline and post-intervention assessments; we will use the food groups estimation (for both fruits and vegetables separately and combined, as well as Meat and Alternatives, Milk and Alternatives, Grains products) by portions, the water intake estimation in mL, the energy in kcal in the 24 hour recall at both of these time points and subtract the baseline values from the post intervention values.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

Change in eating outside of the home

During the baseline and the post-intervention interviews, we will be asking the participants how many times, on average, they eat outside of the home per month. We will subtract the post-intervention value from the baseline value to see the change in eating out.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

Change in cooking ability

During the baseline and post-intervention assessments, we ask them about their ability to cook from basic ingredients. We have given a value from 1-7 for the responses to this question, and will calculate the change in this value by subtracting the post-intervention response from the baseline response.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

Change in fiber intake

Using the eaTRACKER.ca website to track participant food intake, we will take the average of the first month's fiber intake to the last month's fiber intake and subtract the first month average to the last month average to determine the change.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

Change in anxiety and depression

Using the "Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale" (HADS), Zigmond \& Snaith, 1983, we will score the participant responses (a total of 21 for anxiety and a total of 21 for depression), during both the baseline and the post-intervention assessments. We will then subtract the baseline values from the post-intervention values to calculate the change in anxiety and depression.

Time frame: 16-20 weeks

Change in measure of self-efficacy for eating control

The Weight Efficacy Life-Style Questionnaire (WEL) will be used during baseline and the post-intervention assessments. We will then use the methods outlined (Clark et al., 1991) to yield 5 sub-scale scores that measure "negative emotions (e.g., eating when sad or anxious), availability (e.g., eating when food is readily available, such as at a party), social pressure (e.g., declining food when others are encouraging eating), physical discomfort (e.g., eating when fatigued or in pain), and positive activities (e.g., eating when watching TV or reading)" (Dutton, GR, et al. 2004). The baseline values will be subtracted from the post-intervention values to yield the change.

Time frame: 16-20 weeks

Change in perceived stress

Using the perceived stress scale questionnaire (Cohen, S. and Williamson, G. Perceived Stress in a Probability Sample of the United States, 1988.), we will score the responses from the participants at the baseline and post-intervention assessments and calculate the change by subtracting the score of the baseline assessment from the post-intervention assessment.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

Change in reported physical activity

Using the "International Physical Activity Questionnaire", we will assess the change from the baseline and post-intervention reported physical activity. We will score the responses using the methods outlined for this questionnaire (http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.htm) and subtract the baseline score from the post-intervention score to report the change.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks

Change in mindful eating

During the baseline and the post-intervention assessments, we will be using the "mindful eating questionnaire (MEQ)" (Framson, C., et al , 2009), to measure mindful eating. The change will be calculated by subtracting the baseline scores from the post-intervention scores.

Time frame: 16 to 20 weeks