Acute and Chronic Nicotine Modulation of Reinforcement Learning

Inclusion Criteria: Inclusion criteria for all subjects: 1. generally healthy 2. between the ages of 18-55 3. right-handed Inclusion criteria for nonsmokers: 1. smoked \< 50 cigarettes of a brand delivering ≥ 0.5 mg nicotine (FTC method) 2. have not smoked in ≥ 6 months 3. afternoon expired CO concentration ≤ 5 ppm and/or morning urinary NicAlert \< 100 ng/ml Inclusion criteria for smokers 1. smoke ≥ 10 cigarettes/day of a brand delivering ≥ 0.5 mg nicotine (FTC method) 2. smoked ≥ 2 years 3. afternoon expired CO concentrations ≥ 10 ppm and/or morning urinary NicAlert \> 100 ng/ml Exclusion Criteria: 1. inability to attend all required experimental sessions 2. significant health problems (e.g., current and uncontrolled liver, lung, or heart problems, current or past seizure disorder, serious head trauma) 3. lifetime diagnosis of Axis I psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia) 4. meet DSM-V criteria for past or current substance dependence other than nicotine 5. use of psychoactive medications as indicated by self-report 6. use of smokeless tobacco, nicotine replacement therapy, or desire to change smoking behavior while in the study 7. positive urine drug screen for illicit drugs or positive breath alcohol concentration 8. presence of conditions that would make MRI unsafe 9. having vision that cannot be corrected to 20/40 10. among women, nursing or a positive pregnancy test 11. inability to achieve learning criteria in training session