Auditory Brainstem Implant (ABI) in Pediatric Non-Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Subjects

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Pre-linguistic hearing loss (birth-5 yrs.; age at ABI implantation 18 months-5yrs) with both: 1. MRI +/- CT evidence of one of the following: * Cochlear nerve deficiency * Cochlear aplasia or severe hypoplasia * Severe inner ear malformation * Post-meningitis ossification 2. When a cochlea is present or patent with a normally appearing cochlear nerve, lack of significant benefit from CI despite consistent use (\>6 mo.) * No or limited speech perception ability (limited to pattern perception on closed set testing materials using the CI) * Lack of progress in auditory skills development 2. Post-linguistic hearing loss (\<18 yrs. of age) with both: 1. Loss or lack of benefit from appropriate CI without the possibility for revision or contralateral implantation. Examples might include: * Post-meningitis ossification * Bilateral temporal bone fractures with cochlear nerve avulsion * Failed revision CI without benefit 2. Previously developed open set speech perception and auditory-oral language skills 3. No medical contraindications 4. Willing to receive the appropriate meningitis vaccinations 5. No or limited cognitive/developmental delays which would be expected to interfere with the child's ability to cooperate in testing and/or programming of the device, in developing speech and oral language, or which would make an implant and subsequent emphasis on aural/oral communication not in the child's best interest 6. Strong family support including language proficiency of the parent(s) in the child's primary mode of communication as well as written and spoken English. 7. Reasonable expectations from parents including a thorough understanding: * of potential benefits and limitations of ABI * of parental role in rehabilitation * that the child may not develop spoken language as a primary communication mode or even sufficient spoken language to make significant academic progress in an aural/oral environment 8. Involvement in an educational program that emphasizes development of auditory skills with or without the use of supplementary visual communication. 9. Able to comply with study requirements including travel to investigation sites and clinic visits. 10. Informed consent for the procedure from the child's parents. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Pre- or post-linguistic child currently making significant progress with CI - This will be considered if a child is progressing along the expected speech reception hierarchy (SRI-Q) as detailed by Wang et al (50). Even for the very young children (18 months of age with 6 months of use), nearly all children with a good auditory signal from their CI will have reached ceiling effects on the IT-MAIS and have pattern perception beyond chance using the ESP (50). Moreover, there will evidence of improvement in these metrics over time. 2. MRI evidence of one of the following: * normal cochlea and cochlear nerves or NF2 * brainstem or cortical anomaly that makes implantation unfeasible 3. Clear surgical reason for poor CI performance that can be remediated with revision CI or contralateral surgery rather than ABI. 4. Intractable seizures or progressive, deteriorating neurological disorder 5. Unable to participate in behavioral testing and mapping with their CI. If this appears to be an age effect, ABI will be delayed until we can be assured that the child will be able to participate, as reliable objective measures of mapping are currently not available for mapping these devices. 6. Lack of potential for spoken language development. This will be considered the case when evidence of the following exist: * Severe psychomotor retardation, autism, cerebral palsy, or developmental delays beyond speech that would preclude usage of the device and oral educational development. Autism is a special case where there is the potential for delayed presentation. When early signs are considered present, we will request a comprehensive developmental assessment for further evaluation prior to considering routine evaluation. 7. Unable to tolerate general anesthesia (cardiac, pulmonary, bleeding diathesis, etc.). 8. Need for brainstem irradiation 9. Unrealistic expectations on the part of the subject/family regarding the possible benefits, risks and limitations that are inherent to the procedure and prosthetic device. 10. Unwilling to sign the informed consent. 11. Unwilling to make necessary follow-up appointments.