Severe Impairment of Solute-Free Water Clearance in Patients With HIV Infection

Inclusion Criteria: * Inclusion criteria are as follows: adult patients (≥18 years old) with confirmed chronic HIV-1 infection who agreed to provide written informed consent. Patients under antiretroviral treatment must had a stable regimen for over six months and undetectable (\<50 copies/ml) viral load for at least three months. At study entry all selected patients were confirmed as having normal physical examination, routine clinical laboratory including urinalysis, as well as renal and cardiac ultrasound. Exclusion Criteria: * Exclusion criteria include patients with acute HIV infection (\< 6 months of disease), personal history of nephropathy, plasma creatinine ≥1.3 mg/dl, Glomerular filtration rate ≤60ml/min/1.73 m² (as determined by Modification of Diet in renal Disease formula), presence of glucosuria/proteinuria (measured in spot urine sample), prior heart failure, concurrent opportunistic infection, chronic active hepatitis B or C, and use of potentially nephrotoxic agents in the prior week before the test (e.g diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme antagonists, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents).