The Bacteriuria in Renal Transplantation (BiRT) Study: A Trial Comparing Antibiotics Versus no Treatment in the Prevention of Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Asymptomatic Bacteriuria

Inclusion Criteria: * Kidney transplant recipient with asymptomatic bacteriuria after the first two months post-transplantation Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnant women or women who wish to become pregnant during the course of the study * Presence of indwelling urinary devices such as urethral catheter, ureteral catheter, nephrostomy and/or suprapubic catheter * Combined transplantation (liver-kidney, lung-kidney, heart-kidney) * Urinary tract surgery during the last two months * Surgical urological procedure planned in the next 2 weeks * Neutropenia (≤ 500 neutrophils/mm3) * Important intensification of immunosuppression (Solumedrol bolus and/or use of thymoglobulin) or any other treatment of an acute graft rejection in the last two months * Use of antibiotics at the time of the asymptomatic bacteriuria (except for prevention of Pneumocystis jirovecii) * End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis * Non-functioning native bladder (e.g. bladder dysfunction requiring intermittent self-catheterization, orthotopic ileal neobladder) * Recurrent acute graft pyelonephritis (≥ 2 episodes in the last year) * Kidney transplant recipients who could not return for regular follow-up