Ganglionated Plexi Ablation vs Renal Denervation in Patients Undergoing Pulmonary Vein Isolation

Inclusion Criteria: * Symptomatic drug-refractory AF (with history of failure of ≥ 2 class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs) in patients referred for catheter ablation of AF * PAF with ≥1 monthly episodes or PersAF in patients who had already undergone ≥3 electrical cardioversions. PAF was defined as episodes lasting less than 7 days with spontaneous termination. PersAF was defined as lasting more than 7 days before being terminated pharmacologically or by electrical cardioversion. * History of significant hypertension (defined as SBP ≥ 160 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 100 mmHg), receiving treatment with at least one antihypertensive medication * A glomerular filtration rate ≥45 mL/min/1⋅73 m2, with modification of diet using a renal disease formula Exclusion Criteria: * Previous atrial fibrillation ablation * Type 1 of diabetes mellitus * Structural heart disease * Secondary cause of atrial hypertension * Severe renal artery stenosis or renal arteries abnormalities * Previous operations on renal arteries * Pregnancy * Previous heart, kidney, liver, or lung transplantation * Unwillingness of participant