Efficacy Study of Acupuncture to Treat Spinal Pain

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18 to 65 years * Meyerding Grade I-II spondylolisthesis * Low back pain of at least 1-year duration * Follow-up possible during the clinical trial * Written informed consent voluntarily Exclusion Criteria: * Cauda equina syndrome, persistently exacerbated symptoms, progressive neurologic signs (sensory or motor changes) * Previous spine surgery * Senile dementia, impaired cognitive function or other cerebral disease, severe psychiatric or psychological disorders * Severe, concomitant disease (neuromuscular scoliosis, neurodegenerative disease) * All contraindications to corticosteroid injection (e.g., insulin-dependent diabetes) * Alcohol/drug abuse * Significant renal or hepatic disease * Pregnant, lactating or planning a pregnancy * Hypersensitive reaction to acupuncture treatment * Inability to comprehend or express oneself in the Korean language * An individual deemed to be ineligible by a physician * Refusal to participate in the trial or to provide informed consent