Nutrition and Pregnancy Intervention Study

Need for medication for management of gestational diabetes mellitus GDM (insulin or metformin)

Time frame: During pregnancy

Body composition of mother

Time frame: During and after pregnancy

Immunologic and metabolic markers

Time frame: During and after pregnancy

Fecal microbiota

Time frame: Before, during and after intervention

Fasting serum glucose (mmol/l) (mother/ child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 years postpartum

Fasting serum insulin (mU/l) (mother/child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 years postpartum

Number of women with prediabetes using criteria defined by American Diabetes Association

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 years postpartum

Number of women with metabolic syndrome using criteria defined by The International Diabetes Federation

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Risk for Type 2 diabetes using questionnaire (mother)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Serum high sensitive C-reactive protein (mg/l) (mother/child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Lipid metabolism (fasting cholesterol (mmol/l), fasting triglycerides (mmol/l), fasting HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l), fasting LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) (mother/child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Serum metabolomics by NMR (mother/child)

Time frame: assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Obesity by body mass index (mother/child) and body fat percentage by air displacement plethysmography (mother/child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Carotid intima media thickness by ultra sound (mother/child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Retinal microvasculature by digital retinal imaging (mother)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Liver fat by ultra sound (mother)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Liver health by ALAT (child/mother)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Fecal microbiota composition (mother/child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Dietary intake of foods and nutrients and diet pattern calculated from food diaries, dietary quality index and food frequencies (assessed by questionnaires)/mother and child

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Eating behavior by Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, Neofobia and Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire, Child Feeding Questionnaire, Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Motor development by Movement Assessment Battery for Children and by Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 2007 (DCDQ'07) (Child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Cognitive development by Cantab test and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Child effortful/emotionally-driven inhibition by the Forbidden Toy task and by Delay of gratification test (child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Social emotional assessment by Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

The child's social competence by Multisource Assessment of Children's Social Competence questionnaire and children's behavioral, social, and attention problems by the Child Behavior Checklist. (child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Infant temperament, Child Behavior Questionnaire (child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Child growth measured from weight (kg) and length (cm)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Atopy by serum antigens and asthma by spirometry (child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Immunological cells from blood (child)

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum

Physical activity by questionnaires and activity monitor

Time frame: Assessed at 5-6 yrs postpartum