FLT PET in Measuring Treatment Response in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Estrogen Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative Stage I-III Breast Cancer

Inclusion Criteria: * A new diagnosis of invasive breast cancer \> 1.0 cm in size, ER+ clinical stage I-III * Patient must have surgical resection followed by systemic adjuvant therapy with an aromatase inhibitor (AIs) as part of planned treatment; any approved AI at standard clinical dosing may be used; in pre-menopausal patients, ovarian suppression with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist will be started prior to initiation of the AI on a separate clinical trial in parallel with the imaging study * Have tissue block available from core biopsy for correlative biomarkers and genomic assay * Have menopausal status determined prior to study enrollment; for study purposes, postmenopausal is defined as * A prior documented bilateral oophorectomy, or * A history of at least 12 months without spontaneous menstrual bleeding, or * Age 60 or older with a prior hysterectomy without oophorectomy, or * Age less than 60 with a prior hysterectomy without oophorectomy (or in whom the status of the ovaries is unknown) with a documented follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level demonstrating confirmatory elevation in the postmenopausal range for the lab * Negative pregnancy test within 7 days of baseline positron emission tomography (PET) scan for pre-menopausal patients * Tumor HER2/neu expression must be determined (as part of standard clinical care) prior to study enrollment; HER2 may be tested by any Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved HER2 testing method; if determination is intermediate by immunohistochemistry (IHC), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or another alternate HER2 test must be performed * Be a candidate for \[18F\]FLT PET imaging * Be informed of the investigational nature of this study and provide written informed consent in accordance with institutional and federal guidelines prior to study-specific screening procedures * Be willing and able to comply with scheduled visits and other trial procedures Exclusion Criteria: * Current use of aromatase inhibitor as prevention or treatment for breast cancer * Life expectancy of less than two months * HER2/neu positive by IHC and/or another FDA approved HER2 testing method * Inability to tolerate scanning (e.g. - claustrophobia, severe pain) * Weight exceeding capacity of imaging table