Comparison of Redo PVI With vs. Without Renal Denervation for Recurrent AF After Initial PVI

Inclusion Criteria: * Prior PVI ablation procedure for paroxysmal AF within past 2 years * Recurrent symptomatic paroxysmal AF despite prior PVI * History of essential hypertension requiring at least 2 chronic antihypertensive medications Exclusion Criteria: * Persistent AF after prior ablation * Congestive heart failure (NYHA III-IV functional class) * Left ventricle ejection fraction \< 35% * Left atrial diameter \>55 mm * An estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \< 45mL/min/1.73m2, using the MDRD calculation * Renal arteries unsuitable for RDN: 1. Inability to access renal vasculature 2. Main renal arteries \< 4 mm in diameter or \< 20 mm in length. 3. Hemodynamically or anatomically significant renal artery abnormality or stenosis in either renal artery 4. A history of prior renal artery intervention including balloon angioplasty or stenting that precludes a possibility of ablation treatment 5. Multiple main renal arteries to either kidney * Unwillingness to participate