The Effect of ß-cell Specific Glucokinase Mutation on Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Secretion in a MODY-2 Family

Overview

Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients exhibit many glucose homeostasis abnormalities in different tissues and organs. Among the more important defects are disturbed hepatic glucose metabolism and defective pancreatic β-cell function. Hexokinase IV, commonly known as glucokinase, is the predominant hexokinase expressed in the liver, the pancreatic β-cells (where it functions as the glucose sensor for insulin secretion) and in glucose-sensory cells in the hypothalamus and gut. The glucokinase gene contains two distinct promoters. The downstream one is active only in hepatocytes and the upstream promoter is active only in extrahepatic glucose sensory-cells. Alternative promoters enable differential regulation of gene transcription in liver and extrahepatic sites. In pancreatic β-cells, glucokinase expression at the mRNA level is largely constitutive, whereas in the liver it undergoes large adaptive changes in response to nutritional states, enabling larger changes in glucokinase activity than would otherwise be possible by post-transcriptional regulation alone. Most of the MODY-2 patients were found to have glucokinase mutations located in areas that are common to the liver and pancreas. The diabetes in these patients is related both to defect in insulin secretion and abnormal hepatic glucose metabolism. Point mutation in the pancreatic specific promoter was recently described as a cause for impaired fasting glucose \[Diabetes 58:1929-1935, 2009\]. The investigator have recently identified a MODY-2 family with a genetic defect that is located in the pancreatic promoter, sparing the liver promoter. This family demonstrates that abnormal insulin secretion alone (perhaps together with other extrahepatic glucose sensors) is enough to cause diabetes. In this study, the investigators would like to use an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technique in order to elucidate the relative roll of the hepatic glucokinase in normal glucose homeostasis. This issue is complicated by the fact that in addition to glucokinase, hexokinase isoenzymes I, II and III are also expressed at very low levels in hepatocytes. They are an important back-up mechanism when glucokinase activity is compromised, as in liver cirrhosis or murine models with liver-specific glucokinase knock-down. However, impaired hepatic glycogen synthesis was demonstrated in MODY-2 subjects (JCI 1996:98:1755). By comparing members of the investigators MODY-2 family with members of other MODY-2 families and normal controls the investigators hope to shade some light on this question.