Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of (-)-[2-14C]Epicatechin in Humans

Inclusion Criteria1. 1. males, in good health, between 18 and 50 years of age and between 60 and 100 kg; 2. body mass index (BMI) between 19 and 30 kg/m2. 3. clinical laboratory evaluations (including clinical chemistry \[fasted at least 10 hours\], hematology, and urinalysis) within the reference range for the testing laboratory, unless deemed not clinically significant by the Investigator; 4. negative hepatitis panel (including hepatitis B surface antigen \[HbsAg\] and hepatitis C virus antibody \[anti-HCV\]) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody screens; 5. a minimum of 1 bowel movement per day. Exclusion Criteria: 1. history or clinical manifestations of significant metabolic, hematological, pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurologic, hepatic, renal, urological, or psychiatric disorders; 2. allergies to peanuts, nuts, or other foods; 3. lactose intolerance; 4. history of stomach or intestinal surgery, except that appendectomy or hernia were allowed; 5. history of alcoholism or drug addiction within 1 year prior to study entry (ie, at Screening); 6. use of any tobacco products (including cigarette, pipe, cigar, chewing, nicotine patch, or nicotine gum) within 6 months prior to study entry; 7. use of any agents (excluding those provided as part of this study procedure) affecting the liver enzymes; 8. use of aspirin-containing drugs and any other over-the-counter, non-prescription preparations (including vitamins, minerals, and phytotherapeutic/herbal/plant-derived preparations) during the study, unless deemed acceptable by the Investigator; 9. use of any alcohol-containing or caffeine-containing products/medications within 72 hours prior to (-)-\[2-14C\]epicatechin ingestion; 10. regular consumption of more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day; 11. vegans, vegetarians and/or anyone who consumed less than 1 to 2 servings of fruits and or vegetables per day; 12. participation in more than one other radiolabeled investigational study drug trial within 12 months prior to study entry or exposure to significant radiation within 12 months prior to study entry;