A Phase III Randomised Trial of Peri-Operative Chemotherapy Versus sUrveillance in Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer (POUT)

Inclusion Criteria: * Written informed consent * ≥18 years of age * Post radical nephro-ureterectomy for upper tract tumour with predominant TCC component - squamoid differentiation or mixed TCC/SCC is permitted. * Histologically confirmed TCC staged pT2-pT4 pN0-3 M0 or pTany N1-3 M0 (providing all grossly abnormal nodes are resected). Patients with microscopically positive margins on pathology may be entered (providing all grossly abnormal disease was resected). * Satisfactory haematological profile (ANC\> 1.5 x 109/L, platelet count ≥ 100 x 109/L) and liver function tests (bilirubin \< 1.5 x ULN, AST and Alkaline phosphatase \< 2.5 x ULN), Glomerular filtration rate ≥30 mls/min. * Fit and willing to receive adjuvant chemotherapy with first cycle to be commenced within 90 days of radical nephro-ureterectomy if allocated * WHO performance status 0-1. * Available for long-term follow-up Exclusion Criteria: * Evidence of distant metastases * Pure adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma or small cell or other variant histology * Un-resected macroscopic nodal disease * Concurrent muscle invasive bladder cancer (patients with concurrent Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) will be eligible) * GFR \<30 ml/minute. NB Gemcitabine-carboplatin can only be given for patients with suboptimal renal function for cisplatin i.e. for GFR 30-49ml/min. Patients with poor performance status or co-morbidities that would make them unfit for chemotherapy are ineligible for the trial * Significant co-morbid conditions that would interfere with administration of protocol treatment * Pregnancy; lactating women or women of childbearing potential unwilling or unable to use adequate non-hormonal contraception (male patients should also use contraception if sexually active); * Previous malignancy in the last 5 years except for previous NMIBC, adequately controlled non melanoma skin tumours, CIS of cervix or LCIS of breast or localised prostate cancer in patients who have a life expectancy of over 5 years upon trial entry.