Nasal Fentanyl and Buccal Midazolam for Dying Patients

Overview

When patients are dying they become unable to take oral medication and if they develop symptoms (e.g. pain or agitation) they need to be given a subcutaneous injection of medication. If they are at home this requires that a District Nurse is called and it can take a long time (sometimes hours) for the Nurse to arrive. This can be a very stressful time for the patient and family. There are 2 drug preparations which could potentially be given by family members in the home: Nasal fentanyl (PecFent) Buccal midazolam (Epistatus) If these preparations helped symptoms this would give much quicker symptom control for patients and might mean the District Nurse visit was not needed. In advance of a community based randomised trial of these modes of administration, it is important to assess the feasibility of such an approach in terms of carer acceptability and patient tolerability as well as determine appropriate sample sizes and sampling methods. There are 2 work packages which would help assess feasibility of a community trial: 1. An open label randomised controlled trial comparing the use of PecFent with or without Epistatus versus standard subcutaneous breakthrough medication for the management of breakthrough pain (with or without agitation) in dying hospice patients who either remain in the hospice or go home. 2. A qualitative interview study to capture the thoughts of relatives of these patients about the use of these preparations.

This will be an open-label, randomized, controlled feasibility pilot study to evaluate whether using nasal fentanyl (PecFent: 100, 200, 400 or 800 mcg) alone or in combination with buccal midazolam (Epistatus: 2.5, 5 or 10 mg) has the possibility to give better breakthrough symptom control to dying patients when compared with standard subcutaneous medication (Figure 1 A and B). Each subject and their carers/family members will receive verbal and written information followed by signing of the Informed Consent Forms (ICFs). The study is divided into two arms. In both arms patients will receive standard regular oral or subcutaneous medication for relieving non-breakthrough symptoms. In the standard care arm, patients will receive standard as needed medication (SANM) administered orally, sublingually or subcutaneously for breakthrough symptoms. The experimental arm will consist of two stages: in Stage 1 of the study, PecFent will be given to patients in order to treat breakthrough pain instead of subcutaneous opioids. PecFent will be titrated in order to establish an effective treatment dose to manage pain. SANM administered orally, sublingually or subcutaneously will be used to treat agitation and other symptoms. After the effective treatment dose of PecFent has been established patients will enter stage 2. Patients will not move to stage 2 if the treatment dose of PecFent is not deemed effective. Stage 2 will test a range of doses of Epistatus in terms of efficacy in treating agitation alone instead of subcutaneous midazolam (or in combination with the effective treatment dose of PecFent for pain and agitation). SANM will be used to treat other symptoms. Assessment of effectiveness of any as needed medication will be conducted at 30 minutes from administration. If PecFent, Epistatus or a combination of both is ineffective, administration of SANM will be considered. Further opioid cannot be given within one hour but benzodiazepine can be given within 30 minutes as is standard practice in this setting. Thus, patients in the experimental arm will receive symptom relief regardless the efficacy of test drugs.