Testing Four Feeding Approaches to Oral Feeding in Preterm Infants

Inclusion Criteria: * 1\) the infant's gestational age at birth was less than 32 weeks; 2) the infant was receiving enteral feedings every three hours; 3) the infant was able medically to feed orally by 32 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA); and 3) the parents gave consent for the infant's participation. Exclusion Criteria: * 1\) they were unable to begin oral feeding at 32 weeks PMA due to gastrointestinal, craniofacial, cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and/or genetic defects; 2) had surgical necrotizing enterocolitis; or 3) needed ventilator support, including nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), beyond 32 weeks PMA. Infants receiving oxygen by cannula were included.