Study of Ice Application to Reduce Pain From Arterial Punctures

Inclusion Criteria: * subjects ≥ 18 years old referred to the pulmonary function laboratory with a physician order for an arterial blood gas test were sought to complete the study Exclusion Criteria: * cold, bluish hands and fingers * diagnosis of Raynaud's syndrome or scleroderma/CREST syndrome * history or signs of dementia, confusion, or cognitive impairment * blindness * patients not fluent in the English language * non-palpable radial pulse in the wrist (necessitating brachial puncture)