The consumption of milk and dairy products is recognised as an essential part of a healthy diet as it represents an important source of key micro- and macronutrients. Nevertheless, there is still a widespread conviction that the overall high energy density and concentration of long-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) present in dairy have detrimental health effects, contributing to the progression of cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes. Supplementation of the bovine diet with a source of MUFA, such as rapesee oil, has become an achievable strategy in order to reduce the amount of SFA present in dairy products. The aim of this project is to observe the effects of three types of dairy products (UHT milk, cheese and butter) produced from milk derived from cows fed withhigh-oleic sunflower oil, on CVD risk biomarkers and plasma total cholesterol levels in adults with an increased risk of developing CVD. The aim is to determine whether an isoenergetic exchange of dairy products will affect vascular function and CVD biomarkers.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
TRIPLE
Enrollment
54
Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading
Reading, Berks, United Kingdom
Chronic study: Changes in fasting plasma circulating levels of total cholesterol
Time frame: Chronic study: Baseline and week 12 for both intervention arms
Acute study: Changes in postprandial flow-mediated dilatation
Time frame: Acute study: 0, 180, 300 and 420 min at baseline and week 12 for both intervention arms
Changes in vascular stiffness by Carotid Intima Media Thickness (CIMT)
Time frame: Chronic study: Baseline measurements (0min) for both intervention arms
Change in 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure
Time frame: Chronic study: baseline (-1week) and week 11, 19 and 31 for 24 hours. Measurements will be recorded every 30min (7am to 10pm) and every hour (10pm-7am)
Changes in plasma circulating markers of vascular health
Time frame: Chronic study: Baseline and week 12 for both intervention arms. Acute study: area under the curve from 0-8 h after consumption of breakfast (0 min) and lunch (330 min) for both intervention arms
Changes in plasma circulating markers of inflammatory status
Time frame: Chronic study: Baseline and week 12 for both intervention arms. Acute study: area under the curve from 0-8 h after consumption of breakfast (0 min) and lunch (330 min) for both intervention arms
Changes in plasma circulating markers related to lipid metabolism
Time frame: Chronic study: Baseline and week 12 for both intervention arms. Acute study: area under the curve from 0-8 h after consumption of breakfast (0 min) and lunch (330 min) for both intervention arms
Changes in plasma circulating markers related to insulin resistance
Time frame: Chronic study: Baseline and week 12 for both intervention arms. Acute study: area under the curve from 0-8 h after consumption of breakfast (0 min) and lunch (330 min) for both intervention arms
Changes in vascular stiffness by Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV)
Time frame: Chronic study: Baseline (0 min) and week 12 for both intervention arms
Changes in vascular stiffness by Pulse Wave Analysis (PWA)
Time frame: Chronic study: Baseline (0 min) and week 12 for both intervention arms
Changes in vascular stiffness by Digital Volume Pulse (DVP)
Time frame: Chronic study: Baseline (0 min) and week 12 for both intervention arms
Changes in monocytic cytokine production from whole blood culture
Time frame: Chronic and acute study: Baseline and week 12 for both intervention arms. Acute: area under the curve from 0-8 h following consumption of breakfast (0 min) and lunch (330 min) for both intervention arms
Changes in vascular reactivity by Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD)
Time frame: Chronic study: Baseline and assessment at 12 weeks for each intervention arm.
Changes in anthropometric measurements
Time frame: Chronic study: Baseline and assessment at 12 weeks for each intervention arm.
Change in plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition
Time frame: Chronic and acute study: Baseline and week 12 for both intervention arms. Acute study: 0, 180, 300 and 420 min at baseline and week 12 for both intervention arms
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