The current study is a two-arm randomized controlled clinical trial to test the feasibility of recruiting, randomizing, and having older adults with osteoarthritis (OA) adhere to and safely complete the 8-week Sit 'N' Fit Chair Yoga program and the HEP program (primary objective). Secondary objectives of the study were to determine the effect of the Sit 'N' Fit Chair Yoga Program to reduce levels of pain; improve physical function, psychosocial function, and life satisfaction in adults over 65 years of age who were unable to participate in standing exercise. Participants at two sites were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (Sit 'N' Fit Chair Yoga) or attention control group (Health Education Program). Data collectors were blinded to group assignments. Data were collected prior to the intervention (baseline), after 4 weeks, and after 8 weeks. Follow-up data were collected after 1 month and after 3 months after completion of the intervention to measure the extent to which effects of the intervention continue. Evaluations were include physical measures and self-report measures.
Consenting Procedure An informed consent was obtained from the participants, followed by screening for eligibility. The Project Directors, the PIs, or data collectors discussed the project and obtained the informed consent. At the two study sites, all participants lived independently and were able to sign informed consent. If changes to the study design or program were made, new consents were obtained from all participants after IRB and NCCIH's approval. One copy of the consent was provided to the participant and one copy was kept in a file in the PIs' office in a locked file cabinet. An ID number was assigned to each participant and placed on the second copy of the consent form. Randomization: Each participant who met the eligibility criteria and who signed informed consent was given an ID number from that list. An overall list of participants with ID numbers were created by the Project Director as participants are enrolled. Participants were enrolled within the 1-week time frame described in the protocol, the outside statistician sent a randomization pattern to the Project Director at each site. The Project Directors matched the randomization pattern with the list of participants to determine to which arm of the study each participant was assigned. The study statistician, the two Principal Investigators(PIs), and the two Project Directors were responsible for data management. Dr. Newman and the two PIs reviewed all data collection forms on an ongoing basis for data completeness and accuracy, as well as for protocol compliance. They supervised the Project Directors at each site. All the research members including PIs, Project Directors, data collectors, and yoga and HEP instructors completed safety training. All completed forms, including demographic information, were secured in a locked cabinet in primary statistician office at FAU. The statistician and his research assistant entered data independently (double data entry) using password-protected access to the SPSS data entry system after data collection period (baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 1 month and 3 months after intervention). They compared the databases for data entry error and will check the error rate. All data were backed up on FAU secure servers. The primary statistician (Dr. Newman) cleaned the data and randomly selected 10% of all cases in each data entry batch to check for data entry error. An examination of each statistical model was conducted to examine the normality of the residuals and to look for outliers and overly-influential data points. The PIs met with the primary statistician, the Project Directors, and the RAs on a regular basis to discuss progress in data entry, data analysis and interpretations of the results, and other issues related to data management. SAFETY ASSESSMENTS: Study progress and safety were reviewed quarterly. The study statistician, PIs, Project Directors, and Data and Safety Monitoring Committee (DSMC) reviewed AE rates. Progress reports, including participant recruitment, adherence and retention/attrition, were provided to the DSMC following each quarterly review. The quarterly report included a list and summary of adverse events (AE), using ID numbers only. The report was sent to the DSMC of independent monitors and forwarded to the IRB and NCCIH. The IRB reviewed progress of the study annually and the PI sent the final/closing report to IRB in November 2016. An adverse finding from attending the Chair Yoga session could include increased pain, muscle ache/cramping, fatigue, or any combination of these. A serious adverse event (SAE) is any AE that results in one or more of the following outcomes regardless of relationship to study intervention: * A life-threatening event * Inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization * A persistent or significant disability/incapacity * An important medical event, based on appropriate medical judgment Measurement Tools: Ten measurement tools will be used to determine the effect of the Sit N Fit Chair Yoga program and the Health Education Program on the study outcome measures. These tools are: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) PROMIS Pain Interference Scale Gait Speed Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Berg Balance Scale PROMIS Physical Function Short Form PROMIS Fatigue Scale Short Form Life Satisfaction Index for Third Age, Short Form (LSITA-SF) PROMIS Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities Short Form PROMIS Emotional Distress-Depression Short Form Data Analyses Analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 23.0 (IBM) and HLM 7.01 (SSI International). The Missing Value Analysis function in SPSS was employed to ascertain the extent, randomness, and pattern of missing data. Hierarchical linear models (HLM) were used to analyze change over time for each participant. Depending on the nature of the change function, parameter estimates were calculated for intercept, slope and, if necessary, curvature to create the best predictive model fit. Because HLM shows longitudinal changes as a function of time, the time variable was centered at the baseline. The results for the fixed-effects model were used to report the treatment effects for both 8-week ITT assessment and 3-month post-intervention. The random effects model assessed overall changes in all outcomes over the same time periods.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
131
Experimental: Sit 'N' Fit Chair Yoga - a twice-weekly, 8-week yoga program of 45-minute sessions. Active Comparator: Health Education Program (HEP), a twice-weekly, 8-week program of 45-minute sessions
Willing and eligible subjects randomized to the Health Education Program (HEP) attended twice-weekly 45-minute health education sessions for 8 weeks, for a total of 16 sessions.
North East Focal Point Senior Center
Deerfield Beach, Florida, United States
Douglas Gardens North (Public Housing Facility)
Pembroke Pines, Florida, United States
PROMIS Pain Interference
The 8-item PROMIS Pain Inference-Short Form- V. 1.0-8a was administered to measure self-reported consequences of pain on various aspects of the participant's life.Scores can range from 8 (minimum) to 40 (maximum) and higher scores indicate more interference with daily activities. This tool is normed on the U.S. general population, with an average score of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, to report interference within the previous 7 days on 5-point response scale ranging from not at all to very much. This self-report measure was developed by the NIH. NIH has rigorously tested the construct validity and reliability of all of the PROMIS tools and all have been shown to be internally consistent, reliable (reliability = .96 to .99, for PROMIS-PI SF) and valid (construct validity). A higher score represent a severe pain level.
Time frame: 6 months
Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)
The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index was administered to measure self-reported. The tool, recommended for osteoarthritis clinical trials, is a self-administered scale with 24 questions using a Likert-type scale. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index was administered to measure self-reported OA symptoms (pain, stiffness, functional ability). The tool is a self-administered scale with 24 items (pain \[5 items\], stiffness \[2 items\], physical function \[17 items\]). A score range for each subscale for each scale (minimum-maximum) is Pain 0-20, stiffness 0-8, physical function 0-68. Higher scores indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations. For this study, we used a subscale of pain (5 items), stiffness (2 items), physical function (17 items). A total score of all subscales can range from 0 (minimum) to 96 (maximum). The WOMAC demonstrated a Cronbach's alpha of .95 for persons with OA.
Time frame: 6 months
PROMIS Physical Function
The PROMIS Physical Function Short Form-V 1.0-12a was administered to measure physical function. The domain of physical function assesses self-reported ability rather than actual performance of physical activities. Scores can range from 7 (minimum) to 60 (maximum). The higher scores represent better physical function.This includes functioning of upper extremities (dexterity), lower extremities (mobility), and central regions (neck back), as well as instrumental activities of daily living. Each question has five response options, ranging in value from 1 (unable to do) to 5 (able to do without any difficulty).
Time frame: 6 months
Gait Speed Test
The Gait Speed Test was used to measure physical function. Gait speed measurement is considered highly reliable in older adults without known impairments that should affect gait. For measuring gait speed, the unit of measurement is the second. Intrarater reliability (N = 19-24) and test-retest reliability (N = 19-41) have been reported as high (ICC = .90-.96, r = 89-100). The Pearson correlation coefficient is r = .93 and ICC = .78 for test-retest reliability for gait speed in older adults.
Time frame: 6 months
Berg Balance Scale
The Berg Balance Scale was administered to measure changes in balance function. The performance-based Berg Balance Scale contains 14 items applying a 5-point scale for each item (0 = lowest level of function to 4 = highest level of function); scores range from 0 to 56. Higher scores indicate higher fall risk. The Berg Balance Scale is the gold standard assessment of balance, obtaining good to excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.68-0.99) and interrater reliability (ICC = 0.88-0.98) and good internal validity.
Time frame: 6 months
6-Minute Walk Test
The 6-Minute Walk Test was administered to measure changes in exercise tolerance in participants. The tool measured the distance(yards) a participant walked in 6 minutes on a hard and flat surface. Less distances (yards) covered in 6 minutes indicate lower function.
Time frame: 6 months
PROMIS Emotional Distress-Depression (Short Form)
The PROMIS Emotional Distress and Depression-V 1.0-Short Form-8a was administered o measure depressive symptoms. The tool has a 5-point scale for each item (1 = Never to 5 = Always); scores can range from 8 to 40. Higher scores indicate higher levels of depression and emotional distress.
Time frame: 6 months
PROMIS Fatigue Scale
The PROMIS Fatigue scale was administered to evaluate a range of self-reported symptoms, from mild subjective feelings of tiredness to an overwhelming, debilitating, and sustained sense of exhaustion that decreases ability to execute daily activities and to function normally in family or social roles.It ranges 8-40 and higher scores indicate higher level of fatigue.
Time frame: 6 months
PROMIS Ability to Participate in Social Activities
The PROMIS Ability to Participate in Social Activities-V 2.0- SF-8a was administered to measure the perceived ability to perform usual social roles and activities. Items are worded negatively in terms of perceived limitations (5 = Never to 1 = Always), but responses are reverse-coded .Scores can range from 8 to 40; higher scores indicate lower ability to participate in social roles.
Time frame: 6 months
Life Satisfaction Index-Short Form (LSITA-SF)
The Life Satisfaction Index-Short Form was administered to measure general life satisfaction in participants. The 12-item index offers a 6-point scale for each item (1 = strongly agree to 6 = strongly disagree; for Items 2, 4, 5, and 6, the responses are reversed. It ranges 12 (minimum)-72 (maximum); higher scores indicate higher level of life satisfaction. Reliability of this instrument when used with 654 older adults produced a Cronbach's alpha of .95, with a goodness of fit of \> .90. It has a correlated reliability of .90 with the long form.
Time frame: 6 months
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