The Efficacy and Safety of Using Tranexamic Acid by Different Means to Reduce Blood Loss During Total Knee Replacement

Inclusion Criteria: * Adult patients who plan to undergo primary total knee arthroplasty on unilateral knee joint with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis or aseptic bone necrosis, but not of rheumatoid arthritis; * All patients who have normal preoperative platelet count, normal prothrombin time, normal partial thromboplastin time, and normal international normalized ratio; * The use of only balanced electrolyte solutions and/or albumin for plasma volume restitution Exclusion Criteria: * Allergy to tranexamic acid; * Receiving warfarin or heparin; had a history of hemophilia, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or renal impairment; or were pregnant; * Patients with any cardiovascular problems (such as myocardiac infarction history, atrial fibrillation, angina); * Patients with thromboembolic disorders, or those exhibiting a deteriorating general condition; * Preoperative anemia (a hemoglobin value of \<11 g/dL in females and \<12 g/dL in males), refusal of blood products; * Preoperative use of anticoagulant therapy within five days before surgery, fibrinolytic disorders requiring intraoperative antifibrinolytic treatment, coagulopathy (as identified by a preoperative platelet count of \<150,000/mm3, an international normalized ratio of \>1.4, or a prolonged partial thromboplastin time \[\>1.4 times normal\]).