Effect of Pre-injection of Lidocaine on Myoclonus Induced by Induction With Etomidate in Elderly Patients During General Anesthesia

severity of myoclonus induced by

myoclonic movements are graded as 0=no myoclonus, 1=mild myoclonus (short movement of a body segment e.g., a finger or a wrist), 2=moderate myoclonus (mild movement of two different muscle groups e.g., face and arm), or 3=severe myoclonus (intense myoclonic movement in two or more muscle groups, fast adduction of a limb)

Time frame: 90 seconds from the beginning of etomidate injection

intensity of injection pain

The intensity of pain was graded using a verbal rating scale. 0-None (negative response to questioning) 1. Mild pain (pain reported only in response to questioning without any behavioral signs) 2. Moderate pain (pain reported in response to questioning and accompanied by a behavioral sign or pain reported spontaneously without questioning) 3. Severe pain (strong vocal response or response accompanied by facial grimacing, arm withdrawl or tears)

Time frame: during the injection of etomidate, expected to be within 1 minutes