Diluting With Cerebrospinal Fluid Versus Traditional Intrathecal Administration: Antishivering Effects

Inclusion Criteria: * American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ who were scheduled for elective surgery under spinal anesthesia were enrolled. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with pre-operative fever (\>38℃), diabetes, , Parkinson's disease, hypo or hyperthyroidism, Raynaud's syndrome, obese patients (weight \>100 kg), patients shorter than 152 cm, those with a history of allergy to the study medications, and patients receiving vasodilators were excluded from the study.