Trial of Intensive Chemotherapy With or Without Volasertib in Patients With Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients with confirmed diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or related precursor neoplasm, or acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage according to the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification, or patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) classified as refractory anemia with excess blasts-2 (RAEB-2) * Consent for a genetic assessment in AMLSG central laboratory * Patients considered eligible for intensive chemotherapy * ECOG performance status of ≤ 2 * Age \>= 18; there is no upper age limit * No prior chemotherapy for acute leukemia except hydroxyurea for up to 5 days during the diagnostic screening phase; patients may have received prior therapy for myelodysplastic syndrome. * Non-pregnant and non-nursing. Due to the teratogenic potential of volasertib in humans, pregnant or nursing patients may not be enrolled. Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test within a sensitivity of at least 25 mIU/mL within 72 hours prior to registration. Women of child-bearing potential must either commit to continued abstinence from heterosexual intercourse or begin TWO acceptable methods of birth control - one highly effective method (e.g., IUD, hormonal, tubal ligation, or partner's vasectomy), and one additional effective method (e.g., latex condom, diaphragm, or cervical cap) for 6 months after therapy is stopped. "Women of childbearing potential" is defined as a sexually active mature woman who has not undergone a hysterectomy or who has had menses at any time in the preceding 24 consecutive months. * Men must agree not to father a child and must use a latex condom during any sexual contact with women of childbearing potential while receiving therapy and for 6 months after therapy is stopped, even if they have undergone a successful vasectomy * Signed written informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia exhibiting t(15;17)(q22;q12); PML-RARA, or with variant translocations * Prior treatment with volasertib or any other PLK1 inhibitor * Performance status WHO \>2 (see Appendix I) * Patients with ejection fraction \<50% by echocardiography within 14 days of day 1 * QTcF prolongation \>470 ms or QT prolongation deemed clinically relevant by the investigator (e.g., congenital long QT syndrome). The QTcF will be calculated as the mean of 3 ECGs taken at screening. * Any clinically significant, advanced or unstable disease or history of that may interfere with primary or secondary variable evaluations or put the patient at special risk, such as: * creatinine \>1.5x upper normal serum level; * total bilirubin, AST or AP \>2.5x upper normal serum level; * heart failure NYHA III/IV, * uncontrolled hypertension, * unstable angina, * serious cardiac arrhythmia; * severe obstructive or restrictive ventilation disorder * uncontrolled infection * Patients with a "currently active" second malignancy other than non-melanoma skin cancers. Patients are not considered to have a "currently active" malignancy, if they have completed therapy and are considered by their physician to be at less than 30% risk of relapse within one year. * Severe neurological or psychiatric disorder interfering with ability of giving an informed consent * Known or suspected active alcohol or drug abuse * Known positive for HIV, active HBV, HCV, or hepatitis A infection * Hematologic disorder independent of leukemia * No consent for registration, storage and processing of the individual disease characteristics and course as well as information of the family physician and/or other physicians involved in the treatment of the patient about study participation. * No consent for biobanking. * Current participation in any other interventional clinical study within 30 days before the first administration of the investigational product or at any time during the study * Breast feeding women or women with a positive pregnancy test at Screening visit