A Study Evaluating the Effect of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Participants With Renal Cell Cancer (MK-3475-031)

Inclusion Criteria: * Have a newly diagnosed RCC, with a primary tumor diameter of more than 4 cm (\>= T1b), not previously treated, and be a candidate for operative tumor resection * Be willing and able to undergo pre-treatment baseline image-guided core biopsy of their primary RCC * Have a performance status of 0 or 1 on the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Scale * Demonstrate adequate organ function * Female is not breast feeding, is postmenopausal or surgically sterile; demonstrates non-pregnant state, and agrees to use two acceptable methods of birth control throughout the trial, until 120 days after the last dose of treatment * Male with female partner of childbearing potential agrees to use adequate method of contraception throughout study, until 120 days after last dose of treatment or last blood draw. Exclusion Criteria: * Is currently participating in, or has participated in a study with an investigational agent or device within 4 weeks prior to first dose of study therapy * Has a diagnosis of immunosuppression or has received systemic steroid therapy, or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy within 4 weeks prior to first dose of study therapy * Has had prior chemotherapy, targeted small molecule, or radiation therapy for treatment of RCC * Has a known additional (other than RCC) malignancy that is progressing or requires active treatment * Has known active central nervous system (CNS) metastases and/or carcinomatous meningitis * Has an active, or documented history of autoimmune disease, with the exceptions of vitiligo or resolved childhood asthma/atopy * Has a history of (non-infectious) pneumonitis that required treatment with steroids or current pneumonitis. * Has an active infection requiring systematic therapy * Is receiving anticoagulant therapy, with the exception of low dosage aspirin * Has severe cardiovascular disease or symptomatic ischemic heart disease * Has hepatic decompensation * Has uncontrolled thyroid dysfunction * Has uncontrolled diabetes mellitus * Has known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders * Female is pregnant or breastfeeding * Is expecting to conceive children within the projected maximum duration of the trial, extending through 120 days after the last dose of treatment or the last blood draw * Has received prior therapy with any antibody or drug (including ipilimumab) specifically targeting T-cell co-stimulation or checkpoint pathway * Has a known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) * Has known active hepatitis B or C * Has received a live vaccine within 30 days prior to screening