Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation

Inclusion Criteria: * Permanent atrial fibrillation * Baseline ventricular rate (prior to treatment) \> 110 bpm Exclusion Criteria: * History of accessory tract re-entry tachycardia * Ejection fraction \< 35% or history of NYHA Class III/IV stage C/D heart failure * Acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, or cardiac surgery in the past 2 months * Child-Pugh class B or C hepatic dysfunction * Uncontrolled hypertension * Thyroid disease * Intolerance to beta-blockers * History of lung disease resulting in hospitalization in the past year