The obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects between 10% to 25% of the adults. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the first choice of treatment in severe OSA. However, the adherence to CPAP varies, and the interface between patient and the CPAP may interfere with adherence, comfort and efficiency as well as in sleep variables. Objectives: (1) to determine if self-reported airflow route (nasal or oronasal airflow) is the same as the route determined in a laboratory analysis in controls (healthy subjects) and severe OSA patients with nasal free airflow of obstruction during asleep and awake, (2) to compare the effects of nasal and oronasal CPAP titration (randomized order of masks, 14 days apart) on apnoea-hypopnoea index, CPAP level, PSG variables - including analysis for body positioning, the airway defense mechanisms (nasal mucociliary clearance, mucus properties, citology and inflammation in nasal lavage fluid) and systemic effects (serum miRNA expression and cytokines), (3) CPAP adherence after 1 month and 12 months.
After agreement with the written informed consent, 30 volunteers (10 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with severe OSA), male and female, aged \> 21 years were recruited in the Sleep Laboratory of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP). The volunteers were evaluated at the Sleep Laboratory (Incor) in two phases. First Phase: volunteers were assessed for breathing route awake and asleep (including respiratory events in OSA patients) and were indicated as nasal breathing and oronasal breathing. Second phase for OSA patients: two manual full-night CPAP titration with nasal and oronasal masks in a randomized order, 14 days apart. Data and fluids were analyzed before and after both titration studies comparing both masks including supine and lateral position during asleep and CPAP titration. Third phase for OSA patiens: patients were treated with the best interface found in CPAP titration study during 30 days and patients were assessed for sleep quality, excessive sonolence during the day, airway symptoms, airway defense mechanisms biomarkers (mucociliary clearance, mucus properties, citology, inflammation cytokines and adhesion molecules and others) and serum cytokines and miRNA.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
25
use of nasal mask to titrate CPAP during a manual full night: if nasal mask is the best interface during titration compared with oronasal mask - patients will go 30-day period of treatment
use of oronasal mask to titrate CPAP during a manual full night: if oronasal mask is the best interface during titration compared with nasal mask - patients will go 30-day period of treatment
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo
São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Instituto do Coração - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo
São Paulo, Brazil
Changes in Apnea-Hypopnea Index
A full-night diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) was performed in each subject to determine the stages of sleep, an electroencephalogram, electro-oculogram and electromyogram of the submentalis muscle were obtained. Peripheric blood oxygenation was recorded with the use of a finger pulse oximeter. Thoracoabdominal excursions were measured qualitatively using respiratory effort sensors placed over the ribcage and abdomen. Snoring was detected with a vibration snore sensor and body posture with a body position sensor. Subjects used a molded single-piece translucent silicone rubber mask. During titration, a mask with CPAP was added and the procedure was performed according to AASM guidelines.
Time frame: Baseline (Time 0), after CPAP titration with nasal and oronasal mask (one night with wash out of two weeks) and after 30-day period of treatment
Airway inflammation by exhaled breath condensate pH
The EBC sample was collected over 15 min of quiet and normal breathings (regular tidal volumes and respiratory rate) through a mouthpiece that was connected to a collector device. Participants were asked to avoid to eat green vegetables and canned or embebbed food the 24 hours before measurements. Ph measurements were performed after dearation with ultrapure argon gas (99.9%).
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (Time 0), nasal CPAP, oronasal CPAP and after 30-day CPAP treatment (30 days)
Nasal mucociliary clearance by saccharine transit time
We evaluate the nasal MCC by measuring nasal saccharine transport time (STT). The subject was asked to avoid alcohol, tea and coffee for 6 hours and to eat or drink nothing for 2 hours before the measurements. The STT assessment is performed in a quiet room at a temperature of 21-22ºC and relative humidity of 63-71%. Subjects sat in a chair and are asked to maintain regular breathing, to avoid deep breathing, coughing, sneezing, sniffing or talking during STT measurements. Twenty-five µg saccharin particles are deposited 2 cm from the anterior end of the non-obstructed nostril and the timer is stopped at the first perception of sweet taste. The maximum delay between the deposition and perception is set at 60 minutes for non-detection.
Time frame: Participants were assessed at at baseline (Time 0), nasal CPAP, oronasal CPAP and after 30-day CPAP treatment (30 days)
Nasal inflammation by pH, citology and cytokines and adhesion molecules in nasal lavage
TNF-α, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, MPO, MIPs, MMPs and cardiovascular panels (multiplex bead assay, Millipore, USA) using ELISA in nasal lavage.
Time frame: Participants were assessed at baseline (Time 0) and after nasal titration, oronasal titration and CPAP treatment (30 days)
Sleep quality by Pittsburg Questionnaire
It is a questionnaire to assess the quality of sleep (basically 7 components) - cut off \>5: the worst quality
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at at baseline (Time 0) and after CPAP treatment (30 days)
Upper airways symptoms by SNOT20 questionnaire
This is a questionnaire that aims to assess quality of life of patients with chronic upper airways symptoms
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at at baseline (Time 0) and CPAP treatment (30 days)
Excessive sonolence during daytime by Epworth Sleepiness Scale
This is a questionnaire about daytime sleepiness with 8 questions. Cut-off \>10: yes
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at at baseline (Time 0) and CPAP treatment (30 days)
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