Talazoparib in Determining Genetic Effects on Disease Response in Patients With Advanced Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients with presumed advanced-stage high grade serous ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal carcinoma, based on the presence of carcinomatosis, and/or elevated cancer antigen 125 (CA125), and/or ovarian mass(es), or at the discretion of the treating physician * Medically able to undergo primary cytoreductive surgery, at least 7 days and up to 28 days after starting study drug, as determined by treating physician * No prior therapy for high-grade serous ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal carcinoma * Patients must be able to swallow and tolerate oral medications and not have gastrointestinal illnesses that would preclude absorption of BMN 673 (e.g. uncontrolled nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea; malabsorption syndrome; ulcerative disease) * Absolute neutrophil count \>= 1,500/mcL (measured within 28 days prior to entry/ randomization) * Hemoglobin \>= 9 gm/dL (measured within 28 days prior to entry/ randomization) * Platelets \>= 100,000/mcL (measured within 28 days prior to entry/ randomization) * Total bilirubin =\< 1.5 X upper limit of normal (ULN) (measured within 28 days prior to entry/ randomization) * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =\< 2.5 x upper limit of normal unless the liver is involved with tumor, in that case, ALT/AST must be =\< 5 x upper limit of normal (measured within 28 days prior to entry/ randomization) * Creatinine clearance \>= 50 mL/min (assessed by Cockcroft Gault estimation) (measured within 28 days prior to entry/ randomization) * Patients must have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1 * Women of child-bearing potential and their partners must agree to use contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) from the time of study entry until 30 days after the last dose of study medication; women of child-bearing potential (intact uterus) should have a negative serum pregnancy test; should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately; female patients must have evidence of non-child-bearing potential by fulfilling one of the following criteria at screening: * Post-menopausal defined as aged more than 50 years and amenorrheic for at least 12 consecutive months following cessation of all exogenous hormonal treatments * Documentation of irreversible surgical sterilization by hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy or bilateral salpingectomy, but not tubal ligation; male partners should be instructed to use contraception during the study period * Women must not breast-feed while taking the study medications * Patients must be able to understand and willing to sign an informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * Prior treatment for ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer * Receipt of any other investigational agents or any additional anti-cancer agents * Significant symptom burden from presumed diagnosis including large volume ascites, pain requiring narcotic medication, or shortness of breath on exertion * Myocardial infarction within 6 months before starting therapy, symptomatic congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association \> class II), unstable angina, or unstable cardiac arrhythmia requiring medication * As judged by the investigator, any evidence of severe or uncontrolled systemic diseases (e.g., severe hepatic impairment, interstitial lung disease \[bilateral, diffuse, parenchymal lung disease\], uncontrolled chronic renal diseases \[glomerulonephritis, nephritic syndrome, Fanconi syndrome or renal tubular acidosis\]), or current unstable or uncompensated respiratory or cardiac conditions, or uncontrolled hypertension (blood pressure \>= 140/90), active bleeding diatheses or active infection including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus; screening for chronic conditions is not required * As judged by the investigator, the patient is unsuitable to participate in the study and the patient is unlikely to comply with study procedures, restrictions, and requirements