Children presenting to the University of Iowa Health Care System (UIHC), Blank Children's Hospital (Blank), Children's Hospital of Minneapolis, and Kansas City Mercy Children's Hospital with an injury resulting in admission will be the sample population. A child will be included if they are 10-17 years old with an unintentional injury. Consenting children and their parents will be asked to complete a series of four questionnaires: before hospital discharge, at 1-month post discharge, 3-months and 6-months post discharge. The parent-child dyads will be randomized (1:1) to receive 1) training in Link for Injured Kids or 2) Trauma Education. The survey completed in the hospital will be a paper survey or online via an iPad, and follow-up surveys can be completed on paper or online. Aim #1: Assess the feasibility of Link for Injured Kids through qualitative research with parents and providers of previously injured children from UI Children's Hospital. Aim #2: Through a randomized trial, determine the range of potential psychosocial and behavioral health indicators possibly impacted by Link for Injured Kids. This will identify the types of outcomes which could include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, nonspecific distress, quality of life, absenteeism, school performance, coping skills, communication skills, and access to mental health.
Qualitative Phase I. Aim 1: Assess the feasibility of Link for Injured Kids through qualitative research with parents of previous injured children and social workers and pediatric trauma providers from the the children's hospitals. For phase 1 at UIHC, the investigators will hold focus groups with parents and pediatric health providers at the UIHC. The investigators will work with the Ul Pediatric Trauma Nurse Coordinator (Wetjen) to identify parents whose children were previously injured and treated at the UIHC in the past 12 months. These children are logged into the Trauma Alert system. UIHC: For the focus groups with providers, the investigators will invite emergency medicine physicians, nurses, pediatric psychiatrists and psychologists to participate in one focus group; and social workers and parent advocates to participate in the second focus groups. Participants identified with the assistance of Ms. Wetjen and Dr. Denning (Research Coordinator, Emergency Medicine) will be provided an introductory email about the study and an information sheet. Those interested in attending will be invited to attend the focus group session during a lunch hour. Blank Children's Hospital: Using the Iowa Trauma Database, Ms. Wetjen, UIHC Pediatric Nurse Trauma Coordinator will work with Blank Children's Hospital Pediatric Trauma Coordinator to identify parents whose children previously received an unintentional injury and were treated at the Blank Children's Hospital in the past 12 months. Focus groups will last approximately one hour, and will include open-ended questions about the various types of trauma experienced by children, the kinds of psychosocial consequences encountered by traumatized children, and the types of services perceived as available, accessible and acceptable to families particularly from rural Iowa. During the focus groups, participants will be provided a copy of the LPC for Injured Kids manual, and feedback will be solicited from participants about the content of the intervention and its applicability to families from rural Iowa. As a qualitative study, the sample will be adaptive and purposeful. The investigators anticipate holding the focus group with 6-10 participants. All sessions will be audiotaped and transcribed. Analysis will involve qualitative coding, content analysis, and triangulation. Phase II: Randomized Controlled Trial. Aim 2: Through a randomized trial, determine the range of potential psychosocial and behavioral health indicators possibly impacted by the newly developed Link for Injured Kids program. This will identify the types of outcomes which could include PTSD, depression, nonspecific distress, quality of life, absenteeism, school performance, coping skills, communication skills, and access to mental health. Eligibility: Children with unintentional injuries will be recruited to participate in the randomized trial. Children will be administered the Children's Orientation and Amnesia Test (COAT), which is a measure of orientation to self, place and memory, and those that pass the COAT with a score of at least 55 out of a possible 65 points, will be recruited into the study. One parent of the child will be recruited for participation. Children with intentional injuries will be excluded from the study. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are the same for both randomization groups. Exclusions include non-English speaking, diagnosis of intellectual deficit or psychosis, suicide attempt in the last year, and residential treatment placement in the last year. Sample Size. The investigators conducted sample size based on testing a moderate effect size of 0.5 standard deviation comparing Trauma Education vs Link. With an alpha of 0.05, a sample size of 134 parent-child dyads in each of the arms (n=268) has 100% power to examine comparisons. The investigators will oversample by 12% for a total n = 300. Recruitment, Screening and Randomization. The research team will review patient admission records morning and afternoon/evening to identify eligible patients (unintentional injury admissions between 10-17 years of age). The team will determine if the child meets inclusion criteria by reviewing information collected from EPIC, the electronic health record system at UIHC. A study team member will be texted if a child is admitted and meets eligibility criteria. The text will not contain identifying information, just a text like "A patient is added to the database." The research team will review the child's medical record to determine if he/she meet eligibility criteria and are going to be admitted. A brief information sheet will be included in the patient's admission packet describing the study and the potential for participation. On a daily basis, the research team will review each child's medical record to determine when the child is likely to be discharged. On the day of discharge or any convenient time recommended by the provider, a member of the research team will present to the child's room to determine if the child has an appropriate level of consciousness to complete the consent process (an orientation score of at least 55), and if appropriate recruit the dyad. The team member will discuss the study and complete the consent process with the dyad in-person. To minimize the possibility of coercion during the consent process, the research team will follow the consent document closely and stress to the dyad that the child's health care will not be affected by participation in the study. Randomization. After enrollment, each family will be randomly assigned on a rolling basis to either the Link or trauma education arms of the study. Intervention Training. Parents randomized to the intervention arm will be trained to offer Link to their child as needed. A 20 to 45 minute training session will be offered at the ED or in-patient ward in a private consultation room by a member of the research team. In addition, the investigators will offer training, if desired, at another location outside the hospital during a convenient time. A training manual will be offered to the family. The steps of Link will be taught. In Link 1, the parents will be taught to use reflective listening skills based on motivational interviewing to obtain information without invasive probing (found to be harmful in the practice of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing). Additionally, the parent will briefly assess current emotional response to the crisis using the modified Kessler-6 screener, a six-item tool that asks about feelings of sadness, nervousness, restlessness, hopelessness, effort, and worthlessness. In Link 2, the psychological first aid interventionist facilitates access to resources and further care if necessary to support their child. Resources are given to the family including a toll-free help line and support for advanced mental health care at UIHC and their local community. Trauma Education families will not be trained but be given a parent booklet, "So you've been in an accident." Data Collection. Data about the injury visit and follow-up visits will be collected from each enrolled child from the medical records. The investigators will collect nature of injury and body location using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9). Additional information collected will include length of stay, diagnostic procedures, mechanism of injury, initial vital signs, and any follow-up complications or co-morbidities. Information on injury severity will be recorded through the collection of abbreviated injury scale (AIS) and injury severity scale (ISS) scores. Baseline, 6-week, 3-month and 6-month surveys will be administered with parents and children in both Link and Trauma Education arms. The investigators will ask the child and parent to complete baseline surveys in the patient ward. Follow-up 6-week, 3-month and 6-month surveys will be conducted by self-administered mailed surveys or online. Questionnaires will measure depressive symptoms, symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder, social support, family communication, strengths and difficulties and quality of life and asks about any mental health or community resources they may have used since the last questionnaire. For follow-up, the research team will e-mail a link for the parent and the child to complete their surveys as well as mail a hard copy version of the questionnaire with a cover letter explaining that the survey can be completed on paper or online and a postage paid envelope. If completed online, the questionnaires will be done electronically using REDCap, a U of I supported online survey system. A telephone call will be placed to the dyad the day the hard copy questionnaire is mailed informing the dyad of the mailing. If an online or mailed questionnaire is not returned within 10 days the research team will attempt to contact the dyad by phone 6 times within a month to remind them of the questionnaire. After a month of no response, the investigators will resend the package or online link. If a dyad does not complete the 6-week questionnaire, they will still be asked to complete the 3-month and 6-month questionnaires. Analytic Plan The investigators will compare the effectiveness of the two intervention arms (Link and Trauma Education) to each other. The research team will examine several parent-related and child-related outcomes potentially impacted by the interventions, including symptoms of PTSD and depression, coping, family social support, quality of life, school outcomes, and contacts with mental health professionals. Outcomes may be continuous or categorical in nature. A number of comparisons will involve repeated measures of subjects (child or parent) across time. The investigators will first calculate t-tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests to examine continuous outcomes (e.g., levels of depression, level of family social support), and chi-square tests for categorical outcomes (e.g., symptomatic for PTSD vs. asymptomatic). If randomization is not achieved, the investigators will pursue Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM). As an example, for PTSD symptoms, the research team will examine 1) onset of symptoms at six weeks, and 2) changes measured from six weeks to three months and to six months. 1) For six-week measurements, the investigators will conduct a simple generalized linear model and include time-varying covariates to account for measures changed from baseline (e.g., coping, social support). 2) For changes from six weeks through six months, the GLMMs will account for clustering of repeated observations clustered within subjects over time.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
628
Psychological First Aid
Educational materials
Blank Children's Hospital
Des Moines, Iowa, United States
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Iowa City, Iowa, United States
Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Children's Mercy Hospital
Kansas City, Missouri, United States
Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms (Child Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale) Through the First and Last Survey Administered Post-Baseline
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (modified) scale, a questionnaire. Lower scores are preferable. Scores may range from 1 to 52. Responses submitted by parents are with respect to themselves. Responses submitted by children are with respect to themselves.
Time frame: surveys were provided at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-baseline
Depressive Symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) Through the First and Last Survey Administered Post-Baseline
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (modified), a questionnaire. Lower scores are preferable. Scores may range from 1 to 31. Responses submitted by parents are with respect to themselves. Responses submitted by children are with respect to themselves.
Time frame: surveys were provided at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-baseline
Quality of Life (Questionnaire) Through the First and Last Survey Administered Post-Baseline
Quality of Life, a questionnaire (modified). Lower scores are preferable. Scores may range from 1 to 101. Responses submitted by parents are with respect to their children. Responses submitted by children are with respect to themselves.
Time frame: surveys were provided at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-baseline
Psychological Distress Symptoms (Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6)) Through the First and Last Survey Administered Post-Baseline
Psychological Distress Symptoms (Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6)) (modified). Lower scores are preferable. Scores may range from 1 to 25. Responses submitted by parents are with respect to themselves. Responses submitted by children are with respect to themselves.
Time frame: surveys were provided at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-baseline
Strengths and Difficulties (Questionnaire to Assess Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors (SDQ)) Through the First and Last Survey Administered Post-Baseline
Strengths and Difficulties (Questionnaire to Assess Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors (SDQ)) (modified). Lower scores are preferable. Scores may range from 1 to 41. Responses submitted by parents are with respect to their children. Responses submitted by children are with respect to themselves.
Time frame: surveys were provided at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-baseline
Emotional Symptoms (SDQ Subscale) Through the First and Last Survey Administered Post-Baseline
Emotional Symptoms (SDQ Subscale) (modified). Lower scores are preferable. Scores may range from 1 to 11. Responses submitted by parents are with respect to their children. Responses submitted by children are with respect to themselves.
Time frame: surveys were provided at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-baseline
Conduct Problems (SDQ Subscale) Through the First and Last Survey Administered Post-Baseline
Conduct Problems (SDQ Subscale) (modified). Lower scores are preferable. Scores may range from 1 to 11. Responses submitted by parents are with respect to their children. Responses submitted by children are with respect to themselves.
Time frame: surveys were provided at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-baseline
Hyperactivity (SDQ Subscale) Through the First and Last Survey Administered Post-Baseline
Hyperactivity (SDQ Subscale) (modified). Lower scores are preferable. Scores may range from 1 to 11. Responses submitted by parents are with respect to their children. Responses submitted by children are with respect to themselves.
Time frame: surveys were provided at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-baseline
Peer Relationship Problems (SDQ Subscale) Through the First and Last Survey Administered Post-Baseline
Peer Problems (SDQ Subscale) (modified). Lower scores are preferable. Scores may range from 1 to 11. Responses submitted by parents are with respect to their children. Responses submitted by children are with respect to themselves.
Time frame: surveys were provided at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-baseline
Prosocial Behavior (SDQ Subscale) Through the First and Last Survey Administered Post-Baseline
Prosocial Behavior (SDQ Subscale) (modified). Lower scores are preferable. Scores may range from 1 to 11. Responses submitted by parents are with respect to their children. Responses submitted by children are with respect to themselves.
Time frame: surveys were provided at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-baseline
Implementation Through the First and Last Survey Administered Post-Baseline
Implementation was measured on a scale ranging from 0 to 2, where a score of 0 is indicative of no implementation, a score of 1 indicative of partial implementation, and 2 of full implementation. For the trauma education group, a score of 0 was assigned if the subject never read the provided materials, a score of 1 was assigned if participants read but did not use the provided materials, and a score of 2 was assigned if the participant read and used the material at least once. For the link group, a score of 0 was assigned if the subject did not use any of the skills associated with the intervention, a score of 1 was assigned if at least one but not all three skills were used, and a score of 2 was assigned if all skills were used.
Time frame: surveys were provided at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-baseline
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