Amyloid and Glucose PET Imaging in Alzheimer and Vascular Cognitive Impairment Patients With Significant White Matter Disease

Overview

The prevalence of both Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and stroke doubles each decade over 65 years old. Both are major causes of dementia, currently estimated to affect 46 million people worldwide. The current costs globally are $818 billion. Additionally, in population studies elders over 65 years, "covert" cerebral small vessel disease appears on MRI scans as silent lacunar infarcts in 25% as Microbleeds in 10%, and as focal or diffuse 'incidental' white matter disease (WMD) in 95%. WMD is extensive in 20%, with a clinical threshold effect around 10cc2. Small vessel disease is even more common in dementia, often coexisting with AD and independently contributing to cognitive decline and progression to dementia. Longitudinal imaging using cerebral amyloid labeling opens a new opportunity to understand the additive/interactive effects of small vessel disease and AD. The design of this study includes recruitment of two cohorts, including Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and/or early Alzheimer Disease subjects from memory clinics and subjects with strokes/TIA from stroke prevention clinics. Inclusion criteria include the presence of moderate/extensive white matter disease, eg. Fazekas score of 2 (with confluent peri-ventricular hyperintensities) or Fazekas score of 3, as determined by previous MR or CT, \> 60 years of age, Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) scores ≥ 20. Subjects will undergo 3T structural MRI (including T1, PD/T2, FLAIR, GRE, DTI, ASL, and resting state fMRI), glucose PET, amyloid PET (using AV-45 florbetapir) and neuropsychological testing, as well as blood sampling. Repeat MR and PET/CT imaging and neuropsychological testing will be conducted at 24 months. The follow up assessments can also be completed at either year 1 or year 3 or Year 4 depending on the availability of study participants. The imaging portion is designed to closely parallel the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) in order to benefit from the availability of both cognitively normal controls (NC), MCI and Alzheimer's disease subjects with minimal WMD.

This study will be a multi-center trial to be conducted in centers across Canada and approximately 80 patients will be enrolled. Participants will be recruited from both stroke prevention (N=40) and memory clinics (N=40). For comparison, we will access the publically-available data using a very similar protocol being collected from normal controls (N=250), MCI (N=250 early MCI, N=150 late MCI) and AD patients (N=150) without significant white matter disease, who are participating in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI-GO and ADNI 2, N=800), to choose representative samples for comparison to those with scores ≤ 1 who represent the non-white matter disease group. Three imaging modalities will be used with each participant. 3 Telsa MRI scans will be acquired, using an ADNI based protocol, except for the addition of a PD/T2 interleved sequence. Participants will also undergo 18-fluoro PET with the AVID-45 ligand and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET using the ADNI protocols. The primary objectives are to characterize at baseline and 2-year follow-up in patients with significant Periventricular White Matter Hyperintensities (pvWMH), presenting as transient cerebrovascular events or memory problems, patterns of: 1. Uptake of amyloid on Florbetapir F-18 PET/CT 2. Glucose uptake on 18F-FDG PET/CT 3. Volumetric measures of brain structure on MRI imaging 4. Performance on standard neuropsychological assessments, activities of daily living and gait speed. Secondary objectives are to: 1. Compare the relationship between amyloid brain uptake, pvWMH volumes, and cognitive scores in patients with significant pvWMH and a control group of individuals that are cognitively normal, MCI or AD, with mild pvWMH, identified from the ADNI database. 2. Examine the relationship between amyloid uptake, ApoE e4 genotype, and structural MRI volumes in patients with a high burden of pvWMH. 3. Evaluate the utility of baseline brain amyloid to predict cognitive decline and increases in pvWMH volume at 2 years follow up. 4. Evaluate the safety of a single intravenous dose of Florbetapir F 18 Injection (370 MBq +/- 10%) in subjects with significant pvWMH.