Eplerenone in Heart Failure Treatment

Overview

Beta-blockers should be administered to all patients with heart failure stage II to IV according to NYHA.Beta-blockers reduce mortality and hospitalizations and improve the operational phase for all categories of patients with heart failure. Since beta-blockers, only carvedilol, metoprolol, bisoprolol and recently nevimpololi have shown these benefits and so, only they have evidence to be provided. Eplerenone is indicated, in addition to conventional therapy, for reducing the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in stable patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF ≤ 40%) and clinically proven heart failure after recent myocardial infarction.

Heart Failure (HF) As heart failure is defined as a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder and affects the ability of the ventricle to accept or eject blood. Its incidence is increasing in recent years in the Western world. It is estimated that 6% - 10% of the population over 65 suffers from heart failure. The clinical picture of heart failure is shortness of breath, fatigue tolerance restriction and fluid retention that can lead to pulmonary congestion or peripheral edema. These symptoms and signs are not required to appear all at once in each patient. Some patients simply have a reduced exercise tolerance, while others dominate the swelling and do not report dyspnea or fatigue. For the diagnosis of heart failure is necessary apart from the existence of symptoms objective confirmation cardiac dysfunction, preferably by echocardiography, or more specialized and less available methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging heart and radionuclide ventriculography. Coronary heart disease is nowadays the dominant cause of heart failure, as 65-70% of patients with heart failure suffer from coronary disease. The cardiomyopathies and especially dilated, is the cause of heart failure in 20% of cases. The myocarditis, hyperthyroidism and abuse of ethanol, are responsible for a significant number of patients with type distending heart failure. Hypertension and valvular dominated in the past, occupy small percentage today as heart failure causes. The heart failure can be divided into right or left, depending on whether the predominant symptoms resulting from congestion of systemic or pulmonary veins, respectively. Moreover, heart failure is separated into systolic or diastolic depending on whether systolic or diastolic performance of the left ventricle is affected. In most patients with systolic heart failure and diastolic dysfunction coexist. However, in 30% of patients with heart failure is pure diastolic dysfunction. For the diagnosis of heart failure with diastolic dysfunction criteria require: 1. In the presence of signs and symptoms of heart failure 2. ejection fraction of the left ventricle\> 45% 3. the presence of one of three types of abnormal left ventricular filling during diastole (relaxation extension, restrictive type). There are four operating stages depending on the symptoms of patients with heart failure, according to the classification in NYHA (New York Heart Association). At the operational stage I patients have symptoms of heart failure at a high level of exercise, beyond the ordinary. In stage II, the symptoms appear in a regular exercise level at stage III in small fatigue, while in stage IV symptoms occur at rest, so that patients are unable to look after themselves. Medication and diet can alter the operating phase which is the patient, without any significant change occurs in ventricular performance. It is particularly interesting that there is little correlation between symptoms and systolic left ventricular performance as expressed by the ejection fraction. Thus, patients with low ejection fraction \<25% can be virtually asymptomatic, while others slightly influenced ejection fraction have serious discomfort. Changes of abdominal diatasimotitas of pericardial voltage, any valvular deficiencies and especially the function of the right ventricle are those factors which together with systolic left ventricular performance determine the occurrence or not of the symptoms of heart failure patients. In heart failure the function of the left ventricle is gradually worsening even in the absence of new effect damaging agent. This is the famous remodeling (Cardiac Remodeling) of the left ventricle, during which the investigators dilatation, hypertrophy and more spherical the shape. Thus, the mechanical performance of the ventricle decreases, increasing the mitral insufficiency due to distension of the mitral annulus, and increases the parietal stress. Ventricular remodeling contribute to continuous deterioration of symptoms, despite any treatment. The activation of the neurohormonal system proved to be the most important factor in why the cardiac remodeling and the unfavorable development of heart failure. Patients with heart failure have in their plasma levels of noradrenaline, angiotensin II, aldosterone, endothelin and cytokines which may act deleteriously on the structure and functioning of the heart. The mobilization of neurohormonal mechanisms in heart failure causes fluid retention and sodium, peripheral vasoconstriction, myocardial fibrosis and toxic effect on myocardial cells, creating a vicious cycle of deteriorating architecture and performance of the failing heart. Ejection Fraction The relation between stroke volume, which is extruded from the left ventricle and the starting end diastole filling volume gives a measure of the contractile function of the left ventricle. Each patient with known cardiovascular disease should be subject to assessment of left ventricular function by measuring ejection fraction. Several studies have demonstrated that when the ejection fraction (LVEF), which measures the ability of the heart to eject blood into the aorta, not exceed 40% (natural rate \^ 50%) increased dramatically postinfarction mortality. The ejection fraction is a reliable prognostic indicator can be calculated by ultrasonography. The reduced ejection fraction is associated with an increased risk of life-threatening arrhythmias, heart failure and death. A low ejection fraction, particularly after myocardial infarction, is a strong indication for the administration of beta-blockers, as many studies have shown that administration of these drugs significantly reduces cardiovascular mortality. Rationale of the study This study intends to recruit within 6 months of clinical practice in the Greek reality regarding the data administration of eplerenone in addition to standard therapy including beta-blockers, to reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in stable patients with dysfunction left ventricle (LVEF ≤ 40%) and clinically proven heart failure after recent myocardial infarction.