Mitral Implantation of TRAnscatheter vaLves

Inclusion Criteria in Native Mitral Valve arm All Candidates must meet the following criteria: 1. Patient has severe calcific native mitral valve stenosis with mitral annular calcification with echocardiographically derived mitral valve area (MVA) of ≤1.5 cm2, or severe mitral regurgitation with severe mitral annular calcification and at least moderate mitral valve stenosis. Qualifying echo must be within 60 days of the date of the procedure. 2. Patient is symptomatic from mitral valve disease, as demonstrated by reported NYHA Functional Class II or greater, or symptoms during stress test. 3. The patient is at least 22 years old. 4. The heart team agrees (and verified in the case review process) that valve implantation will likely benefit the patient. 5. The heart team agrees that medical factors preclude operation, based on a conclusion that the probability of death or serious, irreversible morbidity exceeds the probability of meaningful improvement. Specifically, the STS score is ≥15% or the probability of death or serious, irreversible morbidity is ≥ 50%. The surgeons' consult notes shall specify the medical or anatomic factors leading to that conclusion and include a printout of the calculation of the STS score to additionally identify the risks in the patient (some medical factors and definitions are provided below). At least one of the cardiac surgeon assessors must have physically evaluated the patient. All patients must be approved by the Patient Selection and Procedure Management Steering Committee (at least 2 member votes, one must be a cardiac surgeon). 6. The study patient has been informed of the nature of the study, agrees to its provisions and has provided written informed consent as approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the respective clinical site. 7. The study patient agrees to comply with all required post-procedure follow-up visits including annual visits through 5 years and analysis close date visits, which will be conducted as a phone follow-up. Inclusion Criteria in Valve-in-Ring arm All Candidates must meet the following criteria: 1. Patient has a failing surgical ring in the mitral position with severe mitral regurgitation or stenosis (echocardiographically derived mitral valve area \[MVA\] of ≤1.5 cm2. Qualifying echo must be within 60 days of the date of the procedure. 2. Patient is symptomatic from mitral valve disease, as demonstrated by reported NYHA Functional Class II or greater, or symptoms during stress test, or severe hemolytic anemia requiring blood transfusions and no other cause of hemolytic anemia is found after extensive work up. Inclusion Criteria items #3 to 7 will be the same as in Native MV arm described above Inclusion Criteria in Valve-in-Valve arm All Candidates must meet the following criteria: 1. Patient has a failing surgical bioprosthesis in the mitral position with severe mitral regurgitation or stenosis with echocardiographically derived mitral valve area (MVA) of ≤1.5 cm2. Qualifying echo must be within 60 days of the date of the procedure. 2. Patient is symptomatic from mitral valve disease, as demonstrated by reported NYHA Functional Class II or greater, or symptoms during stress test. Inclusion Criteria items #3 to 7 will be the same as in Native MV arm described above Exclusion Criteria: Candidates will be excluded from the study if any of the following conditions are present: 1. Heart Team assessment of operability (the heart team considers the patient is a surgical candidate). 2. Evidence of an acute myocardial infarction ≤ 1 month (30 days) before the intended treatment \[defined as: Q wave MI, or non-Q wave MI with total CK elevation of CK-MB ≥ twice normal in the presence of MB elevation and/or troponin level elevation (WHO definition)\]. 3. Mitral annulus is not calcified (only applies to patients included in Native MV arm). 4. Complex untreated coronary artery disease: 1. Unprotected left main coronary artery 2. Syntax score \> 32 (in the absence of prior revascularization) 5. Any therapeutic invasive cardiac procedure resulting in a permanent implant that is performed within 30 days of the index procedure (unless part of planned strategy for treatment of concomitant coronary artery disease). Implantation of a permanent pacemaker is not excluded. 6. Any patient with a balloon valvuloplasty (BMV) within 30 days of the procedure (unless BMV is a bridge to procedure after a qualifying ECHO). 7. Patients with planned concomitant surgical or transcatheter ablation for Atrial Fibrillation. 8. Leukopenia (WBC \< 3000 cell/mL), acute anemia (Hgb \< 9 g/dL), Thrombocytopenia (Plt \< 50,000 cell/mL). 9. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). 10. Hemodynamic or respiratory instability requiring inotropic support, mechanical ventilation or mechanical heart assistance within 30 days of screening evaluation. 11. Need for emergency surgery for any reason. 12. Severe ventricular dysfunction with LVEF \< 20%. 13. Echocardiographic evidence of intracardiac mass, thrombus or vegetation. 14. Active upper GI bleeding within 3 months (90 days) prior to procedure. 15. A known contraindication or hypersensitivity to all anticoagulation regimens, or inability to be anticoagulated for the study procedure. 16. For patients enrolled in the Native MV arm: Native mitral annulus size \< 275 mm2 or \> 740 mm2 as measured by CT scan. For patients in Valve-in-Ring arm: surgical ring with a true mean internal diameter ≤18 mm or ≥ 29 mm or an area \< 275 mm2 or \> 740 mm2 as measured by CT scan. Caution recommended in: * Incomplete bands due to risk of paravalvular leak and risk of LVOT obstruction. Careful measurements by CT and CT-guided procedural planning is recommended. * Non-circular rigid or semi-flexible rings (e.g., D-shaped, saddle shaped, etc) due to risk of para-valvular leak and/or out of round or incomplete valve expansion. For patients in Valve-in-Valve arm: surgical bioprosthesis with a true internal diameter ≤18 mm or ≥ 29 mm 17. Clinically (by neurologist) or neuroimaging confirmed stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) within 6 months (180 days) of the procedure. 18. Estimated life expectancy \< 24 months (730 days) due to carcinomas, chronic liver disease, chronic renal disease or chronic end stage pulmonary disease. 19. Expectation that patient will not improve despite treatment of mitral stenosis 20. Active bacterial endocarditis within 6 months (180 days) of procedure.