Biliary Drainage in Patients With Duodenal Metal Stent

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients who underwent endoscopic placement of a duodenal SEMS for nonresectable malignant GOO. * Patients who underwent endoscopic biliary drainage for nonresectable MBO. * MBO was located ≥ 2 cm from the bifurcation. * Patients who could be followed up more than three months after completion of both biliary drainage and duodenal SEMS placement. * Age ≥20 years. * Irrespective of sex and a primary disease. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients who underwent surgical bypass for GOO. * Patients who underwent percutaneous and surgical biliary drainage prior to the placement of duodenal SEMS. * Patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy (Billroth-II reconstruction, Roux-en-Y reconstruction, etc.). * Patients who would not give a consent to the report of their own data. * Patients considered ineligible for inclusion in the study by an investigator for other reasons.