The aim of this prospective study is to determine the effect of pressure support ventilation (PSV) on minute alveolar ventilation (MAV) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) in anesthetized spontaneously breathing subjects by observing alterations of respiratory rate (RR), expiratory tidal volume, MAV and ETCO2 at variable levels of pressure support.
Anesthesia induction will be performed with usual anesthetics without any opioids and followed by the placement of a laryngeal mask airway. Optimal anesthesia level will be maintained with inhalation anesthesia so as to obtain a bispectral index of 30 to 50. Subjects will be ventilated with controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) by the anesthesia ventilator until the presence of spontaneous breathing can be affirmed. A carbon dioxide/flow sensor (Adult Combined CO2/Flow Sensor; Novametrix medical systems INC., Wallingford, CT) will be placed between the LMA and the breathing circuit. The sensor will be connected to a noninvasive cardiac output monitor (NICO; Noninvasive Cardiopulmonary management System, model 7300; Respironics Corp., Murrysville, PA). NICO data (end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), tidal volume and flow waveforms) will be recorded and stored on a personnel computer. At the start of surgery, the anesthesia care provider will administer opioids to control nociceptive stimuli from surgery. Figure 2 shows the procedural course of the study. Once spontaneous breathing is observed, PSV will be applied with pressure support (PS) of 3, 8, 13 and 18 cmH2O in this order, with slope of 1.0 second and no PEEP. The fraction of inspired oxygen will be titrated to achieve SpO2 over 98%. Five minutes will be allowed to achieve equilibrium at each PS level after which an additional recording of one minute of data will be obtained. Once the PSV is completed at 18 cmH2O, ventilation will be carried out in reverse order of PS; 13, 8 and 3 cmH2O of PS. If at any point in the course of the study the subjects ETCO2 is higher than 60 mmHg, obvious body motion is observed or abnormal vital signs \[NIBP; \>160/90 mmHg or \<80/50 mmHg, HR; \>100 mmHg or \<40 mmHg, SpO2; \<94% at a given fraction of inspired O2\] occur, the study will be terminated and routine care will be provided.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Masking
NONE
Pressure support ventilation will be applied by anesthesia machine (Apollo, Dräger) with pressure support (PS) of 3, 8, 13 and 18 cmH2O in this order, with slope of 1.0 second and no PEEP. The fraction of inspired oxygen will be titrated to achieve SpO2 over 98%. Five minutes will be allowed to achieve equilibrium at each PS level after which an additional recording of one minute of data will be obtained. Once the Pressure support ventilation is completed at 18 cmH2O, ventilation will be carried out in reverse order of PS; 13, 8 and 3 cmH2O of PS.
End-tidal carbon dioxide measured by Capnograph monitor
end-tidal carbon dioxide (mmHg): this assessment relies on multiple measurements over time and the Time Frame includes multiple time points
Time frame: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 min after the initiation of PSV
Respiratory rate measured by Respiratory monitor
respiratory rate (breath/min): this assessment relies on multiple measurements over time and the Time Frame includes multiple time points
Time frame: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 min after the initiation of PSV
Expiratory tidal volume measured by Respiratory monitor
expiratory tidal volume (ml): this assessment relies on multiple measurements over time and the Time Frame includes multiple time points
Time frame: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 min after the initiation of PSV
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