Is Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Still Responding to 3rd Generation Cephalosporins?

Overview

Current European and most other international guidelines recommend the use of a third-generation cephalosporin as the first choice, or amoxicillin-clavulanate acid or fluoroquinolones as an alternative choice . These recommendations are based mainly on clinical trials that were very often conducted a decade or more ago, and on the assumption that E. coli would be involved in nearly half of the cases. The microbial etiology of SBP remains relatively constant; however, the antibiotic resistance rate especially for third-generation cephalosporins (including cefotaxime and ceftazidime), ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin increased dramatically .

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), defined as an infection of ascites in the absence of a contiguous source of infection. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common and potentially fatal bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis and ascites, occurring in 10 to 30% of patients, with in-hospital mortality rates ranging from 20 to 30% . It is secondary to impaired humoral and cellular immune responses that result in indirect intestinal bacterial translocation into the ascitic fluid . SBP is also associated with a poor long-term prognosis for patients, as mortality rates can reach 50 to 70% at 1 year . Early diagnosis and early optimal treatment of these infections with appropriate antibiotics and the prevention of hepatorenal syndrome with albumin are required . Current European and most other international guidelines recommend the use of a third-generation cephalosporin as the first choice, or amoxicillin-clavulanate acid or fluoroquinolones as an alternative choice. These recommendations are based mainly on clinical trials that were very often conducted a decade or more ago, and on the assumption that E. coli would be involved in nearly half of the cases. The microbial etiology of SBP remains relatively constant; however, the antibiotic resistance rate especially for third-generation cephalosporins (including cefotaxime and ceftazidime), ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin increased dramatically.