A Trial Investigating the Influence of BCG and Hepatitis B Immunisation at Birth on Neonatal Immune Responses: The Early Life Vaccines and Immunity Study

Inclusion Criteria: * English speaking parent * Planned travel to a TB (Tuberculosis) endemic country within the infant's first 5 years of life * An informed consent form must be signed and dated by the infant's mother after the nature of the study has been explained and prior to any study assessments/procedures * The infant's mother has screened negative for HIV during this pregnancy * The infant's mother has screened negative for Hepatitis B during this pregnancy * There is no known household contact infected with Hepatitis B * Born no earlier than eight weeks before estimated date of delivery * Birth weight \>1500g * Delivered vaginally * Singleton pregnancy Exclusion Criteria: * Known or suspected HIV infection * Treatment with corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapy, including monoclonal antibodies against tumour necrosis factor---alpha (TNF---alpha) (e.g. infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab). * Born to a mother treated with bDMARDs (biological Disease- Modifying Anti-Rheumatic drugs) (e.g. TNF---alpha blocking monoclonal antibodies) in the 3rd trimester * Congenital cellular immunodeficiencies including specific deficiencies of the interferon gamma pathway * Malignancies involving bone marrow or lymphoid systems * Serious underlying illness including severe malnutrition * Medically unstable * Generalised septic skin disease and skin conditions such as eczema, dermatitis and psoriasis * Significant febrile illness Also excluded are infants with: 1. A mother who is immunosuppressed; 2. A mother who has received Intravenous immunoglobulins during her pregnancy 3. A family history of immunodeficiency; 4. Consanguineous parents. 5. Mother who is having a planned Caesarean Section 6. A home address more than 40 minutes drive from the Mercy hospital for Women and are unwilling to return to hospital for infant blood sampling