Macronutrient Regulation of Ghrelin and Peptide YY

Overview

The hyperghrelinemia of children with PWS provides a unique model by which to explore the hormonal and metabolic effects of orexigenic hormones in normal and pathologic conditions. An important question to be addressed by this proposed research includes the macro-nutrient regulation of ghrelin and PYY in obese children and children with PWS. As ghrelin antagonists are considered potential future anti-obesity agents, it is essential to gain understanding of the developmental, nutritional and hormonal regulation of this important orexigenic hormone in children.

Obesity continues to be a prevalent health concern affecting every race of the American population. Studies show that obese children are likely to become obese adults. Also, recent studies report significant years of life lost due to the impact of being an obese adult . Thus, insights into the pathogenesis of childhood obesity and preventative measures are needed to combat the inevitable increase in worldwide incidence of obesity and its associated co-morbidities. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid acylated peptide which is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), a hypothalamic G-protein-coupled receptor. Enteroendocrine cells (X/A-like cells) of the stomach are the major site of ghrelin synthesis, although a minor proportion of ghrelin synthesis occurs in other sites such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, duodenum, jejunum and lung. Secreted in response to meals, ghrelin stimulates feeding through activation of anabolic neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus that co-express neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (Agrp). Ghrelin relays its information from the GI tract to specific nuclei in the hypothalamus via the gastric afferent vagal nerve. Studies in rodents support the premise that ghrelin is involved in energy balance. In humans, physiological levels of ghrelin influence energy homeostasis in humans.The rise in plasma ghrelin concentrations during fasting may play a role in meal initiation and body weight regulation. Nearly all other forms of obesity are associated with low ghrelin levels. Paradoxically, researchers discovered that ghrelin levels in adults and children with PWS are 3-5 times higher than those in age- and BMI-matched controls. Hyperghrelinemia may thus play a causal role in the hyperphagia and obesity of PWS. The hyperghrelinemia of children with PWS provides a unique model by which to explore the hormonal and metabolic effects of orexigenic hormones in normal and pathologic condtions. An important question to be addressed by this proposed research includes the macro-nutrient regulation of ghrelin in normal children and children with PWS. As ghrelin antagonists are considered potential future anti-obesity agents, it is essential to gain understanding of the developmental, nutritional and hormonal regulation of this important orexigenic hormone in children.

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