The study aims to evaluate the effect of smoking on postprandial responses such as plasma glucose, secretion of gut - and pancreatic hormones and gastric emptying in healthy, heavy smoking men.
Epidemiological studies show that active smoking increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in a dose-dependent fashion. Smokers seem to be characterized by central obesity, increased inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, which may lead to insulin resistance and irregularities in glucose metabolism. The current study is a meal test study, in which the aim is to examine a number of variables during a liquid mixed meal test (including gastric emptying, glucose tolerance, gut and pancreatic hormone responses, gall bladder emptying, appetite and food intake) performed in healthy non-smoking subjects and in healthy smokers with or without concomitant cigarette smoking. The investigators hypothesize that smoking-induced increases in circulating nicotine levels and simultaneous activation of nicotinic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and in the autonomic nervous system would have detrimental effect on postprandial glucose metabolism and, thus, constitute an important link between smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes. The current study will help to clarify this hypothesis and improve our general understanding of the association between smoking and gut hormone secretion, gastric emptying and glucose metabolism.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
24
The subjects will ingest a 400 ml chocolate drink, rich on carbohydrates, fat and lipids. In the following 4 hours, blood samples will be drawn from a PVC for the measurement of plasma glucose, gut- and pancreatic hormones, acetaminophen etc. After the 4 hours, the subjects will be offered an ad libitum meal.
All subjects will undergo a skin biopsy procedure. Two small (3 mm) biopsies will be taken from the hip area under local anaesthesia. Standard wound treatment will follow.
Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital
Hellerup, Copenhagen, Denmark
Postprandial response of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min)
Time frame: -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min)
Postprandial response of insulin
Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min)
Time frame: -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min)
Postprandial response of Glukagon
Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min)
Time frame: -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min)
Postprandial response of CCK
Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min)
Time frame: -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min)
Postprandial response of Gastrin
Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min)
Time frame: -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min)
Postprandial response of GIP
Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min)
Time frame: -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min)
Postprandial increment in plasma glucose
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Incremental and total area under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC 0-240 min)
Time frame: -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min)
Blood Inflammatory and metabolic markers (composite)
Time frame: -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min)
Gall bladder volume
Assessment of gall bladder volume will be mediated by ultrasound
Time frame: -30, 20, 40, 80, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min)
Gastric emptying
Measurement of acetaminophen is taken as a measure of gastric emptying
Time frame: -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 minutes (meal tests start at 0 min
GLP-1 receptor expression in the skin
Analysis of the skin cells from the biopsies.
Time frame: After the 240 minutes