Repetitive Brake Activation

Maastricht University Medical Center30 enrolled

Overview

The appearance of intact macronutrients in the small intestine induces an intestinal brake; a negative feedback mechanism from different parts of the intestine to the stomach, the small intestine and to the central nervous system. These processes inhibit food processing, appetite sensations and food intake, and furthermore they increase feelings of satiety and satiation. Several studies showed that intraileal infusion of nutrients resulted in a reduction in food intake. However only acute effects were investigated in these studies and thus far it is not known whether repetitive (intermittent) infusion results in adaptation to repeated exposure and, thus, a lowered ileal brake response.

Study Type

INTERVENTIONAL

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

BASIC_SCIENCE

Masking

DOUBLE

Enrollment

Conditions

Eating Obesity Ileal Brake

Interventions

Eligibility

Sex: ALLMin age: 18 YearsMax age: 65 YearsHealthy volunteers:

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * Based on medical history and previous examination, no gastrointestinal complaints can be defined. * Age between 18 and 65 years. A higher age comes with a higher chance of comorbidities. These could influence our study outcomes and therefore this age range was chosen. Furthermore, we think this study would be too invasive for subjects over the age of 65. This study will include healthy adult subjects (male and female). Women must be taking contraceptives. * BMI between 18 and 25 kg/m2) * Weight stable over at least the last 6 months (≤5% weight change) Exclusion Criteria: * History of severe cardiovascular, respiratory, urogenital, gastrointestinal/ hepatic, hematological/immunologic, HEENT (head, ears, eyes, nose, throat), dermatological/connective tissue, musculoskeletal, metabolic/nutritional, endocrine, neurological/psychiatric diseases, allergy, major surgery and/or laboratory assessments which might limit participation in or completion of the study protocol. The severity of the disease (major interference with the execution of the experiment or potential influence on the study outcomes) will be decided by the principal investigator. * Use of medication, including vitamin supplementation, except oral contraceptives, within 14 days prior to testing * Administration of investigational drugs or participation in any scientific intervention study which may interfere with this study (to be decided by the principle investigator), in the 180 days prior to the study * Major abdominal surgery interfering with gastrointestinal function (uncomplicated appendectomy, cholecystectomy and hysterectomy allowed, and other surgery upon judgement of the principle investigator) * Dieting (medically prescribed, vegetarian, diabetic, macrobiological, biological dynamic) * Pregnancy, lactation * Excessive alcohol consumption (\>20 alcoholic consumptions per week) * Smoking * Blood donation within 3 months before the study period * Self-admitted HIV-positive state * Evidence of casein or hypersensitivity

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Ad libitum food intake

Ad libitum food intake will be measured in kcal and the end of each test day (4 in total, all within one week)

Time frame: 1 Day

Secondary Outcomes

Satiety

Visual analogue scale forms for satiety (0-100 mm scale) wil be filled in during each test day (4 in total, all within one week)

Time frame: 1 Day

Gastrointestinal peptide release (CCK)