Metabolic and Cardiovascular Effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) or Sodium-glucose Co-transporter Type 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

Inclusion Criteria: * Clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetic patients * Must be able to swallow tablets * never received DPP-4 inhibitors or SGLT2 inhibitors Exclusion Criteria: * uncontrolled diabetes (fasting plasma glucose\>200 mg/dL) * receiving insulin therapy * hepatic disorders (2.5 fold or greater increases in aspartate transaminase or alanine transaminase levels above the upper limits of normal) * inflammatory disorders * neoplastic disorders * recent (\<3months) acute coronary syndrome and stroke * any acute infection