Evaluation of Rapid Emergency Echography for Acute Dyspnoea

Overview

Elderly people constitute the largest proportion of emergency room patients, representing 12% of all emergency room admissions. The need for diagnostic tests or therapeutic interventions is much greater in this patient population. Cardiovascular diseases and symptoms represent 12% of the causes for emergency room admission, and patients suffering from cardiovascular disease are those whose emergency room visit lasts longest. The diagnostic approach in the emergency room in elderly patients admitted for acute dypsnoea is complex, and early identification of acute left-sided heart failure (ALSHF) is vital as it has an impact on prognosis. The clinical signs are difficult to interpret, and are non-specific, particularly at the acute phase and in elderly or obese patients. Indeed, some authors have reported up to 50% of diagnostic errors in elderly patients. Measure of the blood concentration of a natriuretic peptide allows a quick diagnosis. However, peptides suffer from several limitations, particularly in situations that are often encountered in elderly patients, such as sepsis, renal failure, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolism, chronic respiratory failure, atrial fibrillation and high body mass index. Diagnostic performance deteriorates with increasing age, and there is a significant increase in this grey-zone in patients aged ≥75 years. In critical situations in elderly patients, assessment of natriuretic peptides serve mainly to rule out a diagnosis of left heart failure. Some authors have suggested using lung ultrasound in the initial work-up of acute respiratory failure, since some specific profiles are known to be related to the presence of interstitial oedema, reflecting impaired left heart function (e.g. presence of B lines). These studies were performed in the context of intensive or critical care, but data are sparse regarding the application of this approach in the emergency room. The hypothesis is that the diagnostic accuracy of a targeted and quick echographic approach, namely the READ method (Rapid Echography for Acute Dyspnoea), comprising targeted lung ultrasound combined with isolated measure of transmitral flow, would be superior to that of NT-proBNP assessment for the diagnosis of ALSHF in elderly patients (≥75 years) admitted to the emergency department.

The number of emergency room visits is constantly increasing, and it is therefore necessary to minimize the duration of each visit, thereby increasing the efficacy of the diagnostic process, leading to quicker orientation of each patient for appropriate care. In this context, accurate triage and a quick initial diagnostic work-up are of paramount importance in achieving this goal. Elderly people constitute the largest proportion of emergency room patients, representing 12% of all emergency room admissions. The need for diagnostic tests or therapeutic interventions is much greater in this patient population, with 4 out of 5 patients requiring such measures. Indeed, elderly persons often suffer from multiple diseases that require a greater number of tests (source: Direction de la recherche, des études, de l'évaluation et des statistiques (DREES), emergency room survey) (1). Cardiovascular diseases and symptoms represent 12% of the causes for emergency room admission, and patients suffering from cardiovascular disease are those whose emergency room visit lasts longest. Indeed, almost 50% of patients with cardiovascular disease stay more than 4 hours in the emergency room, according to a French national survey published in July 2014. The diagnostic approach in the emergency room in elderly patients admitted for acute dypsnoea is complex, and early identification of acute left-sided heart failure (ALSHF) is vital as it has an impact on prognosis. Acute dyspnoea and acute respiratory insufficiency are frequent causes of admission to the emergency room. The etiological diagnosis is difficult, especially in elderly patients who often have a history of cardio-respiratory disease (2)(3)(4)(5). In this specific population, there are often numerous comorbidities, such as chronic respiratory failure, chronic renal failure, and ischemic heart disease (6). In addition, acute respiratory insufficiency can be caused by a range of distinct pathologies, such as acute heart failure, pneumonia, exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pleural effusion or pulmonary embolism. There is thus clearly a pressing need for an accurate and early diagnosis of the correct etiology in these patients, particularly to identify ALSHF, a condition that requires immediate initiation of appropriate therapy in order to improve prognosis. In these patients, studies have shown that inappropriate or delayed therapy in the emergency room is an independent predictor of death (2)(3)(7). The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recently published a review of the standard diagnostic methods for ALSHF, describing the advantages and limitations of each (clinical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest x-ray, NT-proBNP assessment) (8). The clinical signs are difficult to interpret, and are non-specific, particularly at the acute phase and in elderly or obese patients (9). Indeed, some authors have reported up to 50% of diagnostic errors in elderly patients (10). Chest x-ray, which is usually performed in the emergency room, is not specific because of the conditions in which it is performed in emergency situations. Generally, the pre-requisites for proper implementation are not fully respected because of the emergency nature of the exam, and chest x-ray is therefore primarily useful for differential diagnosis only (8). Early echocardiography is recommended in patients presenting to the hospital in an emergency with suspected heart failure (HF) and acute onset of symptoms. Imaging techniques play a central role in the diagnosis of HF and in guiding treatment. Among the several imaging modalities available, echocardiography is the method of choice in patients with suspected HF for reasons of accuracy, availability (including portability), safety and cost. The term echocardiography is used here to refer to all cardiac ultrasound imaging techniques, including two- or three-dimensional echocardiography, pulsed and continuous wave Doppler, colour flow Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging. For assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, no single echocardiographic parameter is sufficiently accurate and reproducible to be used in isolation. Therefore, a comprehensive echocardiographic examination incorporating all relevant two-dimensional and Doppler data is recommended. This should include the evaluation of both structural and functional abnormalities. However, this type of specialised echocardiography is not routinely available in most emergency rooms. In routine practice, systematic specialised echocardiography by a cardiologist for all cases of acute respiratory failure is not feasible due to the lack of trained operators. Indeed, training in specialised echocardiography is not a pre-requisite to become a qualified emergency room physician in France. Lastly, specialised echocardiography exams are time-consuming and incompatible with the need to manage the vast flow of patients through a busy emergency room. An alternative approach to diagnosis is to measure the blood concentration of a natriuretic peptide, a family of hormones secreted in increased amounts when the heart is diseased or the load on any chamber is increased (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). However, peptides suffer from several limitations, particularly in situations that are often encountered in elderly patients, such as sepsis, renal failure, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolism, chronic respiratory failure, atrial fibrillation and high body mass index (17). Diagnostic performance deteriorates with increasing age, and there is a significant increase in this grey-zone in patients aged ≥75 years (8)(16)(18)(19). In critical situations in elderly patients, assessment of natriuretic peptides serve mainly to rule out a diagnosis of left heart failure (8)(16)(19). Some authors have suggested using lung ultrasound in the initial work-up of acute respiratory failure (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26), since some specific profiles are known to be related to the presence of interstitial oedema, reflecting impaired left heart function (e.g. presence of B lines) (27)(28). These studies were performed in the context of intensive or critical care, but data are sparse regarding the application of this approach in the emergency room. In a preliminary, single-centre study, the utility of a quick transthoracic echography approach was investigated, namely the READ method (Rapid Echography for Acute Dyspnoea), which associated targeted lung ultrasound and measure of transmitral flow in 51 patients aged ≥75 years. When performed at the patient's admission to the emergency room, the READ method was showed to have a sensitivity of 95% for the identification of ALSHF. Indeed, analysis of transmitral flow is easily available by transthoracic echography. The presence of a "restrictive" pattern in case of acute dypsnoea is associated with the existence of ALSHF (29)(30)(31)(32)(33). Echography is a diagnostic tool whose use in the emergency room is increasing exponentially. For example, the "Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma" (FAST) ultrasound assessment technique in trauma patients has become the cornerstone of initial triage in trauma patients. The idea is to use targeted ultrasound, not necessarily performed by a specialist, to achieve accurate triage of patients in only a few minutes to guide subsequent diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. There is a paucity of well-conducted studies in the literature evaluating the utility of targeted chest ultrasound in the diagnostic work-up of acute dyspnoea in elderly patients admitted to the emergency department. There currently exists no consensus regarding the use of echography in these patients, and its use largely depends on the competency and availability of operators in the emergency, in the absence of formal evidence proving its utility. Biomarkers such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or NT-proBNP lack sensitivity in this age-category of patients, although they are widely used in routine practice given the impossibility of rapid, and 24/7 access to specialised echocardiography. In this context, the study hypothesis is that the diagnostic accuracy of a targeted and quick echographic approach, namely the READ method (Rapid Echography for Acute Dyspnoea), comprising targeted lung ultrasound combined with isolated measure of transmitral flow, would be superior to that of NT-proBNP assessment for the diagnosis of ALSHF in elderly patients (≥75 years) admitted to the emergency department.