The objective of the present study is to determine if spinal manipulations with a constant rate of force application but with different peak force and time to peak force lead to similar responses in healthy adults.
Although there are indirect evidences that the rate of force application modulates neuromuscular responses to spinal manipulation therapy (SMT) through peak force or thrust duration modulations, such an assumption remains to be confirmed. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine if different SMT force-time profiles where a constant rate of force application would be maintained (through the modulation of the peak force and the time to peak force) lead to similar neuromechanical responses. Based on the available data relative to the effect of SMT biomechanical parameters modulation, it was hypothesized that neuromuscular responses would be similar across SMT force-time profiles, while vertebral displacements would increase as SMT peak force increases.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
25
Participants will lie down during the 45-minute experimental session. Vertebral displacements (cm) and muscle response amplitude (RMS value) will be recorded through kinematic markers (on T6, T7 and T8 spinous processes) and surface electromyography electrodes (on the left and right erector spinae at T6 and T8 vertebra level). Each SMT (4 per participant) will be delivered at T7 transverse processes by an apparatus. Responses during the thrust phase (duration equal to twice the time to peak force) and after the thrust (1,5s duration) will be compared between SMTs.
An apparatus using a servo-controlled linear actuator motor (Linear Motor Series P01-48x360, LinMot Inc., Switzerland) will be used to deliver spinal manipulations.
Left T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Left T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Right T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Right T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Left T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Left T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
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Time frame: During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Right T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Right T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Left T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Left T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Right T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Right T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Left T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Left T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Right T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Right T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time frame: During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Vertebral Displacement of the Sixth Thoracic Vertebra
Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time frame: During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Vertebral Displacement of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra
Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time frame: During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Vertebral Displacement of the Eighth Thoracic Vertebra
Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time frame: During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Vertebral Displacement of the Sixth Thoracic Vertebra
Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time frame: During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Vertebral Displacement of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra
Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time frame: During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Vertebral Displacement of the Eighth Thoracic Vertebra
Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time frame: During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Vertebral Displacement of the Sixth Thoracic Vertebra
Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time frame: During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Vertebral Displacement of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra
Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time frame: During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Vertebral Displacement of the Eighth Thoracic Vertebra
Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time frame: During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Vertebral Displacement of the Sixth Thoracic Vertebra
Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time frame: During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Vertebral Displacement of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra
Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time frame: During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset
Vertebral Displacement of the Eighth Thoracic Vertebra
Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time frame: During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset