Effects of SGLT-2 Inhibition on Hepatic Glucose and Energy Metabolism

Inclusion criteria for diabetic patients: * Type 2 diabetes * BMI 23 - 35 kg/m2 * Age between 18 - 75 years * HbA1c \< 7.5% while on dietary treatment only or treatment!with!up!to!two!oral!antidiabetic! agents!including!metformin,!alphaAglucosidase!inhibitor,!sulfonyl!urea!or!DPPAIV!inhibitor. * Must have given written informed consent and be able to comply with all study requirements * Males or females. Aged 18 to 75 years, inclusive, at the time of informed consent * Females: Non-pregnant and non-lactating; surgically sterile (e.g., tubal occlusion, hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, bilateral oophorectomy), post-menopausal (defined as 12 months of spontaneous amenorrhea in females \> 55 years of age or, in females ≤ 55 years, 12 months of spontaneous amenorrhea without an alternative medical cause and FSH levels in the postmenopausal range for the laboratory involved), abstinent, or if engaged in sexual relations of child-bearing potential, subject is using an acceptable contraceptive method. * Body Mass Index (BMI) 23 - 35 kg/m2 * Agree to maintain current diet and exercise regimen. Agree to abstain from alcoholic beverages for at least 48 hours prior to clinic visits and not increase alcohol consumption during the study Exclusion criteria for diabetic patients: * smoking * pregnancy * treatment with more than 2 oral antidiabetic agents or treatment with insulin / SGLT2 inhibitor * regular medication * tendency towards claustrophobia * metal devices or other magnetic material in or on the subjects body which will be hazardous for NMR investigation \[heart pacemaker, brain (aneurysm) clip, nerve stimulators, electrodes, ear implants, post coronary by-pass graft (epicardial pace wires), penile implants, colored contact lenses, patch to deliver medications through the skin, coiled spring intrauterine device, vascular filter for blood clots, orthodontic braces, shunt-spinal or ventricular, any metal implants (rods, joints, plates, pins, screws, nails, or clips), embolization coil, or any metal fragments or shrapnel in the body\]. * Severe hepatic insufficiency and/or significant abnormal liver function defined as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) \>3x upper limit of normal (ULN) and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) \>3x ULN, Total bilirubin \>2.0 mg/dL (34.2 μmol/L), positive serologic evidence of current infectious liver disease including Hepatitis B viral antibody IGM, Hepatitis B surface antigen and Hepatitis C virus antibody * Creatinine Clearance: \<60 mL/min (calculated by Cockcroft-Gault formula) or a measured serum creatinine value of \>1.5 mg/dL (133 μmol/L) for male patients and \>1.4 mg/dL (124 μmol/L) for female patients, History of unstable or rapidly progressing renal disease * History of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) requiring medical intervention (eg, emergency room visit and/or hospitalization) within 1 month prior to the Screening visit. * Volume depleted patients. * Recent Cardiovascular Events in a patient: * Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) within 2 months prior to enrolment * Hospitalization for unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction within 2 months prior to enrolment * Acute Stroke or TIA within two months prior to enrolment * Less than two months post coronary artery revascularization * Congestive heart failure defined as New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV, unstable or acute congestive heart failure. * Treatment with insulin, thiazolidinedione (e.g., pioglitazone), GLP-1 agonist, SGLT2 and other drugs that may affect plasma glucose level (including systemic glucocorticoids) within 3 months prior to screening Exclusion criteria for healthy controls: * Clinically!significant!abnormalities!in!medical!history!or!physical!examination + smoking * regular medication * pregnancy, breast feeding * tendency towards claustrophobia * metal devices or other magnetic material in or on the subjects body which will be hazardous for NMR investigation \[heart pacemaker, brain (aneurysm) clip, nerve stimulators, electrodes, ear implants, post coronary by-pass graft (epicardial pace wires), penile implants, colored contact lenses, patch to deliver medications through the skin, coiled spring intrauterine device, vascular filter for blood clots, orthodontic braces, shunt-spinal or ventricular, any metal implants (rods, joints, plates, pins, screws, nails, or clips), embolization coil, or any metal fragments or shrapnel in the body\]. * Hepatic insufficiency and/or significant abnormal liver function defined as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) \>3x upper limit of normal (ULN) and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) \>3x ULN, Total bilirubin \>2.0 mg/dL (34.2 μmol/L), positive serologic evidence of current infectious liver disease including Hepatitis B viral antibody IGM, Hepatitis B surface antigen and Hepatitis C virus antibody * Creatinine Clearance: \<60 mL/min (calculated by Cockcroft-Gault formula) or a measured serum creatinine value of \>1.5 mg/dL (133 μmol/L) for male patients and \>1.4 mg/dL (124 μmol/L) for female patients, History of unstable or rapidly progressing renal disease * Volume depleted patients. Patients at risk for volume depletion due to co-existing conditions