Purpose of this study is to compare the ocular functional changes including pupil size, visual acuity, depth of focus, accommodative amplitude, visual field, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis induced by multiple and single pinhole glasses, in addition, to check reading speed and survey for ocular discomfort after using both pinhole glasses.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
30
Wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses
Chung-Ang University Hospital
Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
RECRUITINGDistant visual acuity (logMAR)
Distant visual acuity were measured using Snellen chart (Precision Vision, La Salle, IL, USA) at 4 m.
Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study.
Photopic pupil size (baseline, mm)
Pupil size under photopic conditions (85 cd/m2) was measured using a WASCA Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany).
Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study.
Depth of focus
Monocular DOF was checked with a 4-m Snellen chart under distance correction without cycloplegics.
Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study.
Accommodative amplitude (Diopter)
Near point of accommodation (NPA) was measured using Donder's push-up method.
Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study.
Standard automated perimetry
Visual field (VF) test was performed with a Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) using the 30-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm.
Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study.
Contrast sensitivity
Monocular contrast sensitivity test was performed using a CSV-1000E Contrast Testing Instrument (VectorVision, Dayton, OH, USA) at 2.5-m distance under standard brightness (85 cd/m2)
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Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study.
Stereopsis (seconds of arc)
Stereopsis was checked with the Randot Stereotest (Stereo Optical Co., Chicago, IL, USA).
Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study.
Reading speed (letters per second)
Reading speed was evaluated using the famous Korean traditional fairy tale book. This Korean book was printed black-and-white with 10-font size. The time taken to read designated 10 pages including 3985 letters was recorded, and then reading speed was calculated as letters per second (LPS).
Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study.
Near visual acuity (logMAR)
Near visual acuity using Logarithmic Visual Acuity Chart 2000 (Precision Vision, La Salle, IL, USA) at 40 cm.
Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study.
Pupil size with the both pinhole glasses (mm)
Pupil size with the both pinhole glasses using the ruler attached to the lateral rim of the glasses.
Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study.