Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin in Pediatric Patients

Inclusion Criteria: * age between 3 months and 17 years of age * confirmed diagnosis of febrile urinary tract infection (a rectal body temperature of 38.5 °C.in combination with either significant leukocyturia or a positive urine nitrite test in a reliable urine sample. * indication for treatment or uroprophylaxis with ciprofloxacin at discretion of the treating physician. Exclusion Criteria: * pregnancy * impaired renal function as defined by 2x serum creatinine level for age and sex * epilepsy * myasthenia gravis * long QT-syndrome * glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency (G6PD) * allergy to one of the substances of cipro * concomitant use of corticosteroids * for the oral group: co medication of antacidic drugs, ferrofumarate, calcium, magnesium or Zinc supplements.