The purpose of this study was to identify genetic, brain morphologic, and environmental biomarkers that contribute to the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The investigators planned to recruit ADHD and healthy controls from the age of 6 to 17. Genetic data including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, neurotropic factors, glutamate-related genes will be genotyped. Environmental disruptors including phthalate and cotinine will be analyzed. Brain MRI data including T1, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) will be obtained. Neuropsychological tests including continuous performance test, Stroop test, Children's color trail test, Wisconsin card sorting test will be conducted. The investigators plan to identify biomarkers of ADHD using an integrative approach of genetic, environmental, neuroimaging and clinical data.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
400
The patients received a fixed dose of medication for 2 weeks. The dose was increased according to the clinician's judgment. The patients came to the hospital at week 2,4,6,8,16,24wks, 9, 12,15,18,21,24 months
The patients received a fixed dose of medication for 2 weeks. The dose was increased according to the clinician's judgment. The patients came to the hospital at week 2,4,6,8,16,24wks, 9, 12,15,18,21,24 months
Seoul National University Children's Hospital
Seoul, South Korea
RECRUITINGTreatment response measured by decrease in ADHD-RS scale
Changes in the Parent rated ADHD-Rating Scale - IV (ADHD-RS), which is an 18 item scale, with 9 items assessing inattention and 9 items assessing hyperactivity/impulsivity. It is the most widely used scale to measure symptom severity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Time frame: 6 months
Treatment response measured by CGI-I score
The Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) scale is a clinician rated scale used to measure improvement in symptoms. It ranges from 1 to 7, with 1 meaning very much improved, and 7 meaning very much worse.
Time frame: 6 months
Treatment response measured by changes in CPT score
The continuous performance test (CPT) is an objective measurement of ADHD symptom severity. It is a computerized test and the results are presented in 4 variables : omission errors, commission errors, response time, response time variability.
Time frame: 6 months
Treatment response measured by decrease in ADHD-RS scale
The ADHD-RS scale is described in primary outcome measures.
Time frame: 1 year
Side effects measured using the side effect rating scale (SRS)
The side effect rating scale (SRS) is a parent rated scale, measuring side effects of multiple domains in the previous 2 week period.
Time frame: 1 year
Treatment response measured by CGI-I score
The CGI-I scale is described in primary outcome measures.
Time frame: 1 year
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