To Determine the Validity of the ACT in an Adolescent Population With Persistent Asthma

Overview

To determine the measurement profiles of the asthma control test (ACT) in an adolescent population with persistent asthma.

Asthma is the most common chronic illness of childhood, and adolescents represent a group that is typically difficult to engage in self-management strategies. Adolescent asthmatics tend to have poor perception of symptoms and experience a higher rate of asthma deaths compared to younger children. Studies have shown that perceived severity of asthma symptoms is related to self-management in adolescents, who were less likely to receive appropriate treatment for asthma exacerbation's. This poor perception of asthma control is likely one cause of the disproportionate asthma mortality rates seen in adolescent patients. Because asthma control is now the focus of asthma care, assessment of control is the critical step in appropriate management. The two domains of asthma control, impairment and risk, evaluate the role asthma plays in a patient's quality of life and functional capacity on an ongoing basis and the risk their asthma presents for future adverse events. Although the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines contain a rubric for asthma control based on these domains, thus representing the "gold standard" for asthma care, their utilization may be time-consuming and cumbersome to implement in primary care offices, and primary care providers may be unfamiliar with their use. For primary care practices following adolescent patients, it remains imperative that the tools being used to gauge asthma control be evaluated and validated in this at-risk population. At this time, there are approximately 17 questionnaires available for use in the assessment of asthma control, although most are not well validated. Of these, the most widely validated and most commonly used instrument is the Asthma Control Test (ACT). The ACT is a self-administered questionnaire intended to assess the impairment domain over the past four weeks and is completed by patients starting at age 12 years. The ACT has five questions with an overall best score of 25. For primarily adult Caucasian populations, the ACT has been found to be a valid, reliable, and responsive instrument of asthma control, and cut-offs for controlled and not well controlled asthma (\< 19) as well as minimal clinically important (MIC) differences (3 points) have been identified. The measurement properties of validity, reliability, and responsiveness are critical to the usefulness of any questionnaire in both clinical and research settings. However, measurement properties of the ACT are lacking in the adolescent asthma population.The landmark validation study for the ACT by Schatz et al was comprised of a large sample size of over 300 patients that showed that a cut-off score of 19 as distinguishing well-controlled versus not well-controlled asthmatics. However, the mean age was 35 for that study population, and concerns have been raised as to whether this cut-off is appropriate for adolescents in general. Recent studies examining use of the ACT in Caucasian and Hispanic adolescent populations have found higher optimal cut points to distinguish control classifications. Lung function measures are included in the rubric of assessing asthma control by the NAEPP (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program). Per these recommendations, spirometry should be available to physicians caring for asthma patients and used with initiation of treatment, change in asthma control, and every one to two years. While sub-specialists often have access to spirometry, office-based spirometry is time-consuming, requires technical ability and staff training, equipment maintenance and calibration, and is not always available or feasible for use in primary care physician offices. Because spirometry may be of limited accessibility to primary care providers, questionnaires are quickly taking a leading role in asthma management. Studies of adolescent asthmatics reveal poor perception of asthma control leading to under-reporting of asthma symptoms and thus under-treatment of exacerbation's. This type of under-reporting reflects a false level of asthma control when queried by the ACT and leads to inappropriate medical management when spirometry is not utilized. As exploratory endpoints, we will obtain fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements shortly after spirometry is performed. Elevated FeNO indicates eosinophilic airway inflammation and assists in assigning the correct asthma phenotype, which can have implications for asthma management. We will also obtain nasal epithelial lining fluid (ELF) for collection of nasal cytokines and chemokines. This information is useful for expanding our current understanding of the inflammatory mediators involved in asthma-associated airway inflammation.

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Outcomes