Safety of RUTI® Vaccination in MDR-TB Patients

Inclusion criteria In order to be eligible to participate in this study, a subject must meet all of the following criteria: * Diagnosed with pulmonary MDR-TB, and therefore managed with second line TB drugs; * Admitted in a TB unit / hospital routinely diagnosed with pulmonary MDR-TB with clinical status ≥ 6 with Bandim TB score combined with chest radiography; and microbiological criteria according to the medical history), using rapid genetic testing (GeneXpert TB test) and MGIT to confirm or Line Probe Assay; or classical diagnostic tools including sputum microscopy and culture followed by phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. All of this medical information will be in the medical history; * Females and males aged ≥ 18; females of non-childbearing potential: at least 2 years post-menopausal or surgically sterile (e.g. tubal ligation); females of childbearing potential (including females less than 2 years post-menopausal) must have a negative pregnancy test at enrolment and must agree to use highly effective methods of birth control (i.e. diaphragm plus spermicide or male condom plus spermicide, oral contraceptive in combination with a second method, contraceptive implant, injectable contraceptive, indwelling intrauterine device, sexual abstinence, or a vasectomized partner) while participating in the study and for 30 days after end of the study for each group; males must agree to use a double barrier method of contraception (condom plus spermicide or diaphragm plus spermicide) while participating in the study and for 30 days after end of the study for the respective group; or the male patient or his female partner must be surgically sterile (e.g. vasectomy, tubal ligation) or the female partner must be post-menopausal; * The patient must provide written informed consent; * The patient must be willing and able to attend all study visits and comply with all study procedures. Inclusion criteria for vaccination * Having successfully completed 16, 8 or 4 weeks (depending on the cohort) of MDR-TB treatment, fully supervised, and * With beneficial initial response to therapy, evidenced by: Clinical response criteria: patients admitted in a TB unit / hospital routinely diagnosed with pulmonary MDR-TB (according to clinical status ≤ 5 with Bandim TB score) (33). Transient deterioration of chest radiographic abnormalities might be explained by a paradoxical inflammatory response, and this may therefore not necessarily be interpreted as treatment failure; such decision depends on consensus with the DSMB; evidence of improvement on chest x-ray. • Microbiological response criteria: It has to be reported a reduction of the bacillary load in the sputum by means of the reduction of bacillary counts in GeneXpert TB test and liquid culture (MGIT) to confirm (diagnosis week 0 collected in the medical history) at week 4 in CohortsC, week 8 in both Cohorts (A-B) and week 12 and 16 in Cohort A. Exclusion criteria A potential subject who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study: * Inability to provide written informed consent; * Women reported, or detected, or willing to be pregnant during the trial period; * Severity of illness precluding full evaluation: expected early death, evidenced by respiratory failure, low blood pressure, WHO performance score 3-4; Central Nervous System involvement of TB (TB meningitis, intra-cranial tuberculomas) as there is too little evidence for effective drug penetration for second-line TB drugs; * Major co-morbid conditions precluding full evaluation, i.e., active lung cancer, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure exceeding NYHA class 2; a diagnosis of metastasized malignancy; renal failure in excess of creatinine clearance \< 30 mL/min calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula, which would severely complicate administration of aminoglycosides and capreomycin, considered as the major second-line TB drugs; obesity (BMI\>30 kg/m2); chronic liver disease - Child-Pugh class C; * Any of the following laboratory parameters: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) \> 3 x upper limit of normal (ULN) Total bilirubine \> 2 x ULN Neutrophil count ≤ 500 neutrophils / mm3 Platelet count \< 50,000 cells / mm3 * Receiving or anticipated to receive a daily dose of ≥ 10 mg of systemic prednisone or equivalent within the period starting 14 days prior to enrolment. Note: patients are allowed to receive an acute, short course of methylprednisolone or prednisone or equivalent for management of an acute exacerbation of COPD or reactive airway disease in asthmatics; * Cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiation therapy within the previous 3 months; * HIV co-infection, if CD4 count \< 250 cells/mm3 at the diagnosis of HIV; those with \> 250 copies/mL are expected to be able to mount a sufficient cellular immune response and will therefore be eligible; * Blood transfusion in the last three weeks prior to the trial; * Documented allergy to TB vaccines, notably, to the RUTI® vaccine.