Functional and Physiological Changes Induced by Pinhole Glasses in Presbyopia

Distant visual acuity (logMAR)

Distant visual acuity were measured using Snellen chart (Precision Vision, La Salle, IL, USA) at 4 m.

Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study

BUT

fluorescein is instilled into the subject's tear film and the subject is asked not to blink while the tear film is observed under a broad beam of cobalt blue illumination

Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study

Near point of accommodation (NPA)

Near point of accommodation (NPA) was measured using Donder's push-up method.

Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study

The fusional convergence

With the subject watching the 20/30 sized fixation target at 40 cm, we take the base-out bar prism on the subject's right eye. While gradually increasing the extent of the prism, the first point that the subject noticed diplopia was defined as the break point.

Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study

Stereopsis

Stereopsis was checked with the Randot Stereotest (Stereo Optical Co., Chicago, IL, USA).

Time frame: Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study

Reading speed (letters per second)

Reading speed was evaluated using the famous Korean traditional fairy tale book. This Korean book was printed black-and-white with 10-font size.