The objective of this study is to compare the effect of different levels of carbonation isocaloric beverages on glycemic response (using protocol based on standardized glycemic index testing methodology), gastric emptying and satiety. It is hypothesized that carbon dioxide will delay gastric emptying, and in turn, attenuate glycemic response and enhance satiety. The use of a non-nutrient (gas) in improving glycemic response and satiety would have important health implications for the beverage industry.
15-20 healthy subjects will be recruited for the study by means of advertisements, flyers and personal communications. A randomized, cross-over design experiment with three treatments will be carried out. Three different beverages will be prepared:- No carbonation (NC): Potable water + sugar- Low carbonation (LC): Potable water + sugar + little CO2- High carbonation (HC): Potable water + sugar+ high CO2. The outcome measures assessed will be glycemic response, gastric emptying and satiety. Glycemic response will be measured by taking capillary blood samples (\<5ul) by fingerpricking with one-time use sterilized lancets. Gastric emptying will be assessed by ultrasonography methodology developed by Okabe et al, 2015. Satiety will be measured using electronic visual analogue scales assessing hunger, fullness, desire to eat, prospective consumption and thirst. In addition, participants will be asked to rate the level of effervescence of beverage, sweetness of beverage, amount of beverage consumed, as well as how pleasant the beverage was immediately after drinking of test beverage. Feelings of bloatedness will be assessed using electronic visual analogue scales administered at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90,120 min from drinking of test beverage. At the end of the test session, ad libitum lunch will be served, and the amount of food and drinks consumed will be measured (by weight difference before and after serving).
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
15
500 ml of beverage consisting of water + 10% glucose and no carbonation
500 ml of beverage consisting of water + 10% glucose and low carbonation
500 ml of beverage consisting of water + 10% glucose and high carbonation
Clinical Nutrition Research Centre
Singapore, Singapore
Changes in blood glucose concentrations in capillary blood using Hemocue
Capillary blood glucose will be assessed at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 minutes using a Hemocue system (HemoCue Glucose 201 RT Systems)
Time frame: 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after drinking test beverage
Changes in cross sectional area of antrum imaged using ultrasound
Cross sectional area of antrum will be assessed at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 minutes using ultrasonography.
Time frame: 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120 after drinking test beverage
Satiety
Appetite ratings will be collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 minutes after drinking test beverage using a previously validated visual analog scales \[Flint, A., A. Raben, J. E. Blundell and A. Astrup (2000). "Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies." International Journal of Obesity 24(1): 38-48\]
Time frame: 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after drinking test beverage
Amount of food consumed
Ad-libitum lunch will be provided 2.5 hours after beverage consumption. The weight of the foods (g) will be taken before and after consumption, and the difference will be taken to measure the amount of food consumed (g).
Time frame: 2.5 hr subsequent to beverage consumption
Energy intake
Ad-libitum lunch will be provided 2.5 hours after beverage consumption. The energy intake will be calculated from the amount of food consumed (see Outcome 4), as well as the energy content per weight (read off from the nutritional information panel provided on the packaging) to calculate the energy intake (kcal).
Time frame: 2.5 hr subsequent to beverage consumption
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