The investigators propose a single-blind randomized clinical trial to determine if seniors show improved mobility (walking speed) and cognition following motor imagery (imagined walking) training. They hypothesize that imagined walking can be used as a rehabilitative tool for improving walking speed and cognition in the elderly, because it engages and strengthens similar neural systems as actual walking and cognition.
The proposed research aims to establish the efficacy of an imagined gait protocol for improving gait and cognition in the elderly. This imagined gait protocol involves imagined gait in single (imagined walking; iW) and dual-task (imagined walking while talking; iWWT) situations. A single-blind randomized clinical trial of 58 cognitively-healthy elderly with pre-post measures of gait, cognition, and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during imagined gait is proposed. The overall hypothesis is that imagined gait can be used as a rehabilitative tool for improving gait and cognition in the elderly because it engages and strengthens similar neural systems as actual gait and cognition. The first aim of this study is to establish the efficacy of our imagined gait protocol to improve gait and cognition in the elderly. We predict that our imagined gait intervention will improve gait velocity during actual walking and walking-while-talking conditions to a greater extent than the active control (visual imagery) intervention. We also predict that our imagined gait intervention will cognitive performance during dual-task walking conditions. The second aim of this study is to determine neuroplasticity changes in response to our imagined gait protocol. We predict that the neural systems engaged during imagined gait will change following our imagined gait intervention.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
49
Phone-based imagined gait intervention: participants will be called by the experimenter three times a week and be asked to imagine walking, imagine talking and imagine walking-while-talking. They will also be asked to rate their visual and kinesthetic qualities of their images on a 1-5 scale following each trial.
Phone-based visual imagery intervention: participants will be called three times a week by the experimenter and be asked to imagine concrete objects (e.g. octopus, teapot, and shovel). They will also be asked to rate their visual qualities of their images on a 1-5 scale following each trial.
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
The Bronx, New York, United States
Change in Walking Speed During Single and Dual-task Walking Conditions
Change in gait speed (centimeters per second) measured during normal pace walking and walking while talking conditions using an instrumented pathway. A positive mean value is indicative of an improvement (increase) in gait speed post-intervention, whereas a negative mean value is indicative of a decrease in gait speed post-intervention.
Time frame: Baseline and 3 months
Change in Cognitive Performance During Walking While Talking
Change in cognitive performance was assessed by the number of correct letters/time (in seconds) generated during walking while talking (WWT). This exercise consists of having the participant walk around a computerized walkway while reciting alternate letters of the alphabet (WWT), starting with the letter "B." A positive mean value reflects an improvement in cognitive performance (increase in the number of correct letters/time generated) post-intervention; whereas, a negative mean value reflects worsening in cognitive performance (decrease in the number of correct letters/time generated) post-intervention.
Time frame: Baseline and 3 months
Change in Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) Signal During Dual-task Imagined Walking While Talking (iWWT) Conditions
Change in blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal (neuroplasticity) during imagined walking and walking while talking (iWWT) conditions were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The mean values reported are changes in factor scores that reflect the overall change in BOLD signal pre- to post-intervention. Positive values reflect an increase in BOLD signal post-intervention, whereas, negative mean values reflect a decrease in BOLD signal post intervention. There are no minimum or maximum values or ranges or thresholds associated with the BOLD measure.
Time frame: Baseline and 3 months
Change in Trail Making Test Form A
Change in Trail Making Test Form A (TMT-A), is a timed measurement of attention and processing speed. Scoring is based on the time required to complete the task (i.e., drawing a line between 24 consecutive circles randomly arranged on a page) and ranges from 0-300 seconds with shorter time indicating better performance. A negative mean difference reflects an improvement pre to post intervention. The TMT-A uses all numbers (no letters) and includes correction of errors prompted by the examiner.
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Time frame: Baseline and 3 months
Change in Trail Making Test Form B
Change in Trail Making Test, Form B (TMT-B), is a timed measurement of attention, processing speed, and set-shifting. Scoring is based on the time required to complete the task (i.e., drawing a line between 24 consecutive circles randomly arranged on a page) and ranges from 0-300 seconds with shorter times indicating better performance. A negative mean difference reflects an improvement pre to post intervention. The TMT-B alternates between numbers and letters requiring the participant to switch between numbers and letters in consecutive order and includes correction of errors prompted by the examiner.
Time frame: Baseline and 3 months
Change in Trail Making Test Form B Minus Form A
Change in Trail Making Test Form B (TMT-B) minus Form A (TMT-A), a timed measure of set-shifting. Scoring is based on the change in time between completing Form B compared to Form A. A negative mean difference reflects an improvement post intervention.
Time frame: Baseline and 3 months
Change in Letter Number Sequencing Task Score
Change in scoring in the letter number sequencing task, a measure of item manipulation, was derived from the letter number sequencing subtest of the working memory domain within the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) III battery, a widely used intelligence test for adults. Scoring is based on the number of correctly sequenced letters and numbers with increasing (positive) mean scores indicating an improvement in task performance post intervention. A negative mean score reflects a decrease in task performance post intervention.
Time frame: Baseline and 3 months
Change in Stroop Interference Test: Color-Word Minus Color Score
Change in Stroop Interference Test: Color-Word (incongruent trials) minus Color (congruent trials) scores were determined. It is a measure of response competition and interference. Scoring is based on the time it takes to read (complete) incongruent trials relative to congruent trials. A negative mean value reflects an improvement in performance after the intervention. A positive mean value reflects an decrease in performance after the intervention.
Time frame: Baseline and 3 months
Change in Flanker Interference Task
Change in the Flanker Interference Task measures how much interference is generated by the presentation of adjacent incongruent and congruent visual information. Scoring is based on the difference in reaction time (in milliseconds) between incongruent and congruent trials responded to correctly. A negative mean is indicative of improved interference post intervention and a positive mean value is indicative of worsening interference post intervention.
Time frame: Baseline and 3 months
Change in Stride Length
Change in stride length were collected during walking while talking (WWT) conditions on an instrumented walkway. Stride length was defined as the distance between the heel points of 2 consecutive footfalls of the same foot and measured in centimeters (cm).
Time frame: Baseline and 3 months
Change in Gait Variability
Change in gait variability is collected during walking while talking on an instrumented walkway. Gait variability, defined as the stride-to-stride fluctuations in walking, was measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) of the mean value of stride-to stride time. CV reflects the level of gait rhythmicity, with lower values indicating greater rhythmicity. A negative mean CV reflects improved (less) variability post intervention whereas a positive mean CV value reflects worse (increased) variability. Stride time CV is closely associated with falls
Time frame: Baseline and 3 months
Change in Gait Domains
Change in gait domains (summary measures reported in standard deviation units) derived from factor analysis of quantitative gait variables collected on an instrumented walkway during normal pace walking and walking while talking. Gait domain score is calculated by summing ratings for individual items and dividing by the maximum possible score for the domain, then multiplying by 100. The domain score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores reflecting more gait disturbance and lower scores reflecting less gait disturbance.
Time frame: Baseline and 3 months