Tobacco use is a leading contributor to racial and socioeconomic health disparities in the US primarily due to an unequal burden of tobacco-related disease from a disproportionate share of smokers in African American and lower socioeconomic (SES) groups. Unlike many other health risk behaviors, tobacco-related health disparities are increasing despite a large treatment network of free telephone and in-person counseling services, perhaps due to significant disparities in treatment outcomes. The goal of this project is to revise the standard treatment for tobacco dependence to address key factors associated with treatment outcome disparities and more fully meet the needs of lower SES and African American smokers thereby reducing socioeconomic disparities in tobacco dependence treatment outcomes, halting the alarming increase in tobacco-related health disparities, and reducing a leading cause of racial and socioeconomic health disparities in the US.
This study will be conducted in five phases. Each phase utilizes the results from the previous phase. Each phase is also associated with at least one specific aim. Phase One (Aim One): Complete a revised version of a standard, widely utilized, multi-component, cognitive-behavior treatment manual for tobacco dependence to include commonly utilized, cognitive-behavioral interventions that specifically address the key factors associated with treatment outcome disparities. Phase Two (Aim Two): Using the PEN-3 Model,1-3 target and tailor RITCh\_1 to address the needs of smokers who are of lower SES as well as smokers who are minority, particularly African American. In this preparatory activity, the research team will tailor and target RITCh\_1 using this well-accepted theoretical model and produce the second draft of the revised treatment, called RITCh\_2. Human subjects are not involved with this phase of the research. No data will be collected. Phase Three (Aim Three): Pilot test RITCh\_2 with three treatment groups (5-10 participants per group) to assess understandability and acceptability and to ensure that it can be delivered in the same 60-minute per session time frame as the standard treatment. This is a qualitative study in which the investigators will pilot test RITCh\_2 with 21 participants who will be consented as pilot study participants. See Pilot Study Informed Consent Form. Contact and demographic information will be collected from participants, but not baseline and outcome assessments. Participant feedback will be provided in a group format and will not be linked to identifying information. The research team will incorporate participant feedback into a third draft of the revised treatment, RITCh\_3. Phase Four (Aim Four): Compare the effects of SES on treatment outcomes in a socioeconomically and racially diverse group of participants treated with RITCh\_3 and the standard treatment. The investigators will conduct a randomized controlled trial (n=253) comparing the efficacy of RITCh\_3 to the standard treatment. Investigators will use a randomized treatment design and two methods for assessing abstinence (latency to relapse and six-month point prevalence abstinence rates) to compare the effects of SES and treatment condition on treatment outcomes. Investigators expect RITCh\_3 to demonstrate fewer treatment outcome disparities than standard treatment. Phase Five (Aim Five): Compare the effects of RITCH\_3 and standard treatment on each of the key factors associated with treatment outcome disparities (see Aim One and Table 1). Using analysis of covariance and logistic regression as appropriate, investigators will analyze the effects of treatment condition on each of the key factors (see Table 1). The investigators expect participants treated with RITCh\_3 to demonstrate more improvement on each of the key factors than participants treated with standard treatment.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
256
The RITCh treatment increased the emphasis on stress management, negative affect management and utilized language and activities to foster an internal locus of control. Activities were added to address impulsive decision-making, develop home smoking policies, increase the positive valance of treatment, and address barriers to use of the nicotine patches. The treatment materials were also tailored with numerous examples relevant to lower SES groups and African Americans. For example: stress management components specifically address financial stress, discrimination, and micro-aggressions; treatment utilization components include reinforcing the value of individual contributions to the group, structured positive feedback among group members at every session, sending "missed you" post cards signed by all group members to participants who miss a treatment session, specifically addressing myths about nicotine patch use, and practicing the application of nicotine patches together.
The components of the standard treatment include education and activities in which participants gain an understanding of the biopsychosocial underpinnings of tobacco dependence and the cue-urge-response cycle of smoking. Interventions include self-monitoring, guided scheduled rate reduction, treatment goal setting, medication education, stress management, cognitive and behavioral strategies for managing cravings and cues, problem-solving, conflict management, enhancing social support, relapse prevention, and cigarette refusal training. A participant workbook was provided that corresponded to the activities in the treatment sessions.
The City College of New York
New York, New York, United States
Latency to Relapse
Abstinence will be assessed with latency to relapse (days from Quit Date to relapse or 7 consecutive days of smoking after a 24 hour quit attempt)
Time frame: 6 months following scheduled week 3 quit date
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